MCQ Bank

Subjects
All Subjects 71 ACC311
Fundamentals of Auditing
F:210
210 ACC31Q
F:97
97 ACC501
Business Finance
F:248
248 ACC707
F:33
33 BIF101
Introduction to Bioinformatics
F:37
37 BIF401
Bioinformatics I
F:27
27 BIF401P
Bioinformatics I (Practical)
F:53
53 BIF501
Bioinformatics II
F:63
63 BIF501P
Bioinformatics II (Practical)
F:49
49 BIF601
Bioinformatics Computing I
F:25
25 BIF601P
Bioinformatics Computing I (Practical)
F:35
35 BIF602
Bioinformatics Computing II
F:3
3 BIF604
Special Topics in Bioinformatics
F:67
67 BIO101
Basic I-Biology
F:17
17 BIO102
Basic II-Chemistry
F:38
38 BIO401
Biostatistics
F:24
24 BIO502
Genomics
F:20
20 BIO503
Biological Physics
F:48
48 BIO504P
Biochemistry I (Practical)
F:23
23 BIO504T
Biochemistry I (Theory)
F:12
12 BIO505P
Essentials of Genetics (Practical)
F:71
71 BIO505T
Essentials of Genetics (Theory)
F:11
11 BIO506P
Biochemistry II (Practical)
F:35
35 BIO506T
Biochemistry II (Theory)
F:16
16 BIO5101
Introduction to Biotechnology
F:25
25 BIO5105
Cell Biology
F:18
18 BIO601
Proteomics
F:20
20 BIO732
Gene Manipulation and Genetic Engineering
F:49
49 BNK601
Banking Laws & Practices
F:129
129 BNK603
Consumer Banking
F:115
115 BNK610
Islamic Banking Practices
F:69
69 BNK611
Economic Ideology in Islam
F:102
102 BNK612
Financial Jurisprudence in Islam
F:29
29 BNK613
Islamic Ethics in Business
F:23
23 BT101
Ecology, Biodiversity & Evolution-I
F:80
80 BT102
F:53
53 BT201
F:246
246 BT301
F:30
30 BT302
Immunology
F:35
35 BT401
Genetic Resources & Conservation
F:163
163 BT402
F:37
37 BT403
F:43
43 BT404
M:9
9 BT405
Nano Biotechnology
F:41
41 BT406
Research Methodology & Skill Enhancement
F:106
106 BT501
Health Biotechnology
F:141
141 BT503
Environment Biotechnology
F:74
74 BT504
Genomics and Proteomics
F:67
67 BT505
Biosensors
F:68
68 BT511P
Introduction to Biotechnology (Practical)
F:25
25 BT511T
F:27
27 BT512P
Microbial Biotechnology (Practical)
F:74
74 BT512T
Microbial Biotechnology (Theory)
F:170
170 BT513P
Principles of Biochemical Engineering (Practical)
F:71
71 BT513T
Principles of Biochemical Engineering (Theory)
F:37
37 BT601
Virology
F:69
69 BT603
F:21
21 BT604
F:19
19 BT605
Biosafety & Bioethics
F:58
58 BT611P
Food Biotechnology (Practical)
F:52
52 BT611T
Food Biotechnology (Theory)
F:55
55 BT612P
Fermentation Technology (Practical)
F:31
31 BT612T
Fermentation Technology (Theory)
F:12
12 BT613T
Agriculture Biotechnology (Theory)
F:28
28 BT614P
Industrial Biotechnology (Practical)
F:28
28 BT614T
Industrial Biotechnology (Theory)
F:37
37 CHE201
Physical Chemistry
F:77
77 CS001
F:58
58 CS101
Introduction to Computing
F:166
166 CS201
Introduction to Programming
M:97 F:247
344 CS201P
Introduction to Programming (Practical)
F:200
200 CS202
F:192
192 CS204
F:77
77 CS205
Information Security
F:87
87 CS206
F:57
57 CS301
Data Structures
F:141
141 CS301P
Data Structures (Practical)
F:63
63 CS302
Digital Logic Design
F:192
192 CS302P
F:64
64 CS304
Object Oriented Programming
F:89
89 CS304P
Object Oriented Programming (Practical)
F:147
147 CS306
Introduction to Python
F:75
75 CS306P
Introduction to Python (Practical)
F:88
88 CS311
Introduction to Web Services Development
F:132
132 CS312
F:47
47 CS314
Introduction to Cellular Networks
F:84
84 CS315
F:57
57 CS401
F:117
117 CS401P
F:94
94 CS402
M:67 F:140
207 CS403
Database Management Systems
F:162
162 CS403P
Database Management Systems (Practical)
F:120
120 CS405
Database Programming using Oracle 11g
F:70
70 CS406
F:28
28 CS407
Routing and Switching
F:70
70 CS408
Human Computer Interaction
F:76
76 CS409
Introduction to Database Administration
F:43
43 CS409P
F:59
59 CS411
Visual Programming
F:100
100 CS420
Web Development for Portable Devices
F:106
106 CS431
Wireless Communication
F:43
43 CS432
F:80
80 CS435
Cloud Computing
F:46
46 CS441
F:73
73 CS442
Introduction to Data Science
F:29
29 CS501
F:120
120 CS502
Fundamentals of Algorithms
F:156
156 CS504
Software Engineering - I
F:179
179 CS505
F:49
49 CS505P
F:96
96 CS506
Web Design and Development
F:196
196 CS507
Information Systems
F:165
165 CS508
F:227
227 CS510
F:63
63 CS513
Advanced Data Analytics and Business Intelligence
F:128
128 CS514
F:23
23 CS521
F:26
26 CS525
F:25
25 CS601
Data Communication
F:137
137 CS602
Computer Graphics
F:105
105 CS603
F:62
62 CS603P
F:54
54 CS604
F:177
177 CS604P
F:86
86 CS605
F:82
82 CS606
F:194
194 CS607
Artificial Intelligence
F:134
134 CS607P
Artificial Intelligence (Practical)
F:108
108 CS608
F:75
75 CS609
F:89
89 CS610
Computer Networks
F:126
126 CS610P
F:100
100 CS611
F:78
78 CS614
Data Warehousing
F:126
126 CS615
F:121
121 CS620
Modelling and Simulation
F:62
62 CS621
F:38
38 CS625
Professional Practices
F:27
27 CS626
F:30
30 CS627
F:39
39 CS628
F:30
30 CS636
F:40
40 ECE101
Introduction to Early Childhood Education
F:69
69 ECE201
Language Development of the Child
F:47
47 ECE202
Physical Development of the Child
F:29
29 ECE203
Children Literature and Educational Games
F:56
56 ECE204
Independence, Self-Management and Ethics in Early Years
F:24
24 ECE301
Psycho Social Development of the Child
F:19
19 ECE302
Education for Sustainable Development in Early Childhood Education
F:21
21 ECE402
Trends and Issues in Early Childhood Education
F:48
48 ECO302
Principles of Microeconomics
F:36
36 ECO303
Principles of Macroeconomics
F:20
20 ECO401
Economics
F:383
383 ECO402
Microeconomics
F:99
99 ECO403
Macroeconomics
F:137
137 ECO404
Managerial Economics
F:129
129 ECO501
Development Economics
F:32
32 ECO601
Business Econometrics
F:40
40 ECO603
International Economics
F:53
53 ECO604
F:64
64 ECO605
F:30
30 ECO606
Mathematical Economics I
F:108
108 ECO607
F:182
182 ECO608
F:57
57 ECO609
F:48
48 ECO610
F:74
74 ECO612
F:21
21 ECO613
F:50
50 ECO614
F:47
47 ECO615
F:55
55 ECO616
F:68
68 ECO622
F:29
29 EDU101
Foundations of Education
F:72
72 EDU201
Learning Theories
F:95
95 EDU301
General Methods of Teaching
F:20
20 EDU302
Human Development and Learning
F:57
57 EDU303
Child Development
F:113
113 EDU304
Introduction to Guidance and Counseling
F:33
33 EDU305
Classroom Management
F:88
88 EDU306
Teaching of Social Studies and Islamiat in Early Years of Education
F:48
48 EDU401
Contemporary Issues and Trends in Education
F:117
117 EDU402
Curriculum Development
F:46
46 EDU403
Art, Crafts and Calligraphy
F:37
37 EDU405
Classroom Assessment
F:87
87 EDU406
Critical Thinking and reflective Practice
F:75
75 EDU407
Research Methods in Education
F:24
24 EDU410
Teaching of Literacy Skills
F:65
65 EDU411
Teaching of Urdu
F:312
312 EDU430
ICT in Education
F:147
147 EDU431
Test Development & Evaluation
F:62
62 EDU433
Professionalism in Teaching
F:66
66 EDU501
School, Community and Teacher
F:42
42 EDU505
F:41
41 EDU510
Teaching of Mathematics
F:15
15 EDU512
Teaching of Islamic Studies
F:86
86 EDU515
Teaching of Geography
F:12
12 EDU516
Teaching of English
F:54
54 EDU601
Philosophy of Education
F:129
129 EDU602
Educational Leadership and Management
F:52
52 EDU604
Comparative Education
F:103
103 EDU654
Addressing problems of learning through technology and pedagogy
F:25
25 EDU705
F:26
26 EDUA305
Classroom Management for Young Learners
F:52
52 EDUA402
Curriculum Development for Early Childhood Education
F:10
10 EDUA403
Teaching of Arts, Crafts & Calligraphy
F:49
49 EDUA405
Assessment and Evaluation in Early Years of Education
F:16
16 EDUA406
Reflective Practices and Critical Thinking in Early Years
F:47
47 EDUA411
Teaching of Urdu in Early Childhood
F:55
55 EDUA430
Use of Information and Communication Technology for Early Childhood Education
F:77
77 EDUA501
Role of School, Community & Teacher in Early Years of Education
F:32
32 EDUA510
Teaching of Mathematics in Early Childhood
F:11
11 EDUA516
Teaching of English in Early Childhood
F:51
51 EDUA601
Philosophical Foundations of Early Childhood Education
F:20
20 EDUA602
Leadership and Management of Early Childhood Education Programs
F:22
22 ENG001
F:417
417 ENG101
English Comprehension
F:344
344 ENG201
Business and Technical English Writing
F:289
289 ENG301
Business Communication
F:340
340 ENG401
F:63
63 ENG501
History of English Language
F:73
73 ENG502
Introduction to Linguistics
F:55
55 ENG503
Introduction to English Language Teaching
F:31
31 ENG504
Second Language Acquisition
F:44
44 ENG505
F:68
68 ENG506
World Englishes
F:60
60 ENG507
Phonetics and Phonology
F:64
64 ENG508
Semantics and Pragmatics
F:61
61 ENG509
Morphology and Syntax
F:50
50 ENG510
Sociolinguistics
F:41
41 ENG511
F:102
102 ENG512
F:44
44 ENG513
F:35
35 ENG514
F:57
57 ENG515
F:37
37 ENG516
F:50
50 ENG517
F:38
38 ENG518
F:65
65 ENG519
F:64
64 ENG520
F:40
40 ENG522
Applied Linguistics
F:92
92 ENG523
F:76
76 ENG524
F:48
48 ENG527
F:78
78 ENG529
F:34
34 ETH100
Effective Citizenship
F:145
145 ETH201
F:20
20 ETH202
Ethics (for Non-Muslims)
F:54
54 FIN611
Advanced Financial Accounting
F:113
113 FIN621
Financial Statement Analysis
F:168
168 FIN622
Corporate Finance
F:162
162 FIN623
Taxation Management
F:203
203 FIN624
Islamic Modes of Finance
F:99
99 FIN625
Credit & Risk Management
F:96
96 FIN630
F:217
217 FIN702
F:56
56 FIN703
F:104
104 FIN711
F:73
73 GSC101
General Science
F:423
423 GSC201
Teaching of General Science
F:47
47 GSCA201
Teaching of General Science in Early Years of Education
F:28
28 HRM613
Performance Management
F:59
59 HRM617
Training and Development
F:70
70 HRM624
Conflict Management
F:220
220 HRM626
Recruitment and selection
F:56
56 HRM627
Human Resource Development
F:300
300 HRM733
F:19
19 HRM737
F:20
20 ISL1151
F:126
126 ISL1252
F:87
87 ISL1253
F:73
73 ISL201
F:39
39 ISL202
Islamic Studies
F:903
903 ISL2351
F:24
24 ISL2352
F:84
84 ISL2453
F:26
26 ISL2454
F:52
52 IT430
E-Commerce
F:280
280 IT601
F:31
31 IT602
F:33
33 MB501P
Cell Biology (Practical)
F:48
48 MB502P
Molecular Biology (Practical)
F:111
111 MB502T
Molecular Biology (Theory)
F:67
67 MB503T
F:35
35 MB504P
Methods in Molecular Biology (Practical)
F:46
46 MB504T
Methods in Molecular Biology (Theory)
F:53
53 MCD401
F:10
10 MCD403
F:20
20 MCD504
Acting and Performance
F:80
80 MCM101
Introduction to Mass Communication
F:98
98 MCM301
Communication skills
F:66
66 MCM304
Mass Media in Pakistan
F:52
52 MCM310
Journalistic Writing
F:114
114 MCM311
Reporting and Sub-Editing
F:96
96 MCM401
Fundamentals of Public Relations
F:108
108 MCM411
Introduction to Broadcasting
F:76
76 MCM431
F:118
118 MCM501
Advertising for Print and Electronic Media
F:105
105 MCM511
Theories of Communication
F:44
44 MCM514
F:21
21 MCM515
F:21
21 MCM516
F:55
55 MCM517
F:68
68 MCM520
F:67
67 MCM532
F:42
42 MCM601
Media Management
F:99
99 MCM604
F:115
115 MCM610
Mass Communication Law & Ethics
F:85
85 MGMT611
Human Relations (alt. code=HRM611)
F:205
205 MGMT614
Supply Chain Management
F:43
43 MGMT615
Transportation & Logistics Management
F:42
42 MGMT617
Production Planning and Inventory Control
F:44
44 MGMT622
Management Skills
F:149
149 MGMT623
Leadership & Team Management - MGMT623 (alt. code=HRM623)
F:160
160 MGMT625
F:126
126 MGMT627
Project Management
F:130
130 MGMT628
F:234
234 MGMT629
F:99
99 MGMT630
F:112
112 MGMT631
Enterprise Resource Planning
F:43
43 MGT101
Financial Accounting
F:330
330 MGT111
Introduction to Public Administration
F:197
197 MGT201
Financial Management
F:110
110 MGT211
Introduction To Business
F:175
175 MGT301
Principles of Marketing
F:215
215 MGT302
Digital Marketing
F:39
39 MGT401
Financial Accounting II
F:30
30 MGT402
Cost & Management Accounting
F:107
107 MGT404
F:135
135 MGT411
Money & Banking
F:194
194 MGT415
Introduction to Business Analytics
F:86
86 MGT501
Human Resource Management
F:396
396 MGT502
Organizational Behaviour
F:555
555 MGT503
Principles of Management
F:325
325 MGT504
F:214
214 MGT510
Total Quality Management (alt. code=MGMT510)
F:561
561 MGT513
Public Administration in Pakistan
F:80
80 MGT520
International Business
F:231
231 MGT522
Introduction to Public Policy
F:116
116 MGT601
F:121
121 MGT602
Entrepreneurship
F:270
270 MGT603
Strategic Management
F:330
330 MGT604
Management of Financial Institutions (alt. code=BNK604)
F:123
123 MGT605
F:66
66 MGT610
F:231
231 MGT611
Business & Labor Law
F:122
122 MGT612
F:77
77 MGT613
Production / Operations Management
F:220
220 MGT621
F:114
114 MGT701
F:52
52 MGT703
F:46
46 MGT713
F:44
44 MGT714
F:71
71 MGT717
F:42
42 MGT723
F:20
20 MGT725
F:67
67 MGTE630
Knowledge Management
F:19
19 MIC501P
Microbiology (Practical)
F:71
71 MIC501T
Microbiology (Theory)
F:40
40 MKT501
Marketing Management
F:250
250 MKT529
Export Marketing
F:53
53 MKT530
Consumer Behaviour
F:71
71 MKT610
Customer Relationship Management
F:83
83 MKT621
Advertising & Promotion
F:94
94 MKT624
Brand Management
F:114
114 MKT627
Sales Management
F:61
61 MKT630
International Marketing
F:127
127 MKT703
F:37
37 MKT726
F:20
20 MTH001
F:276
276 MTH100
General Mathematics
F:216
216 MTH101
Calculus And Analytical Geometry
F:1292
1292 MTH102
F:32
32 MTH104
Sets and Logic
F:64
64 MTH201
F:68
68 MTH202
Discrete Mathematics
F:238
238 MTH301
F:406
406 MTH302
Business Mathematics & Statistics
F:778
778 MTH303
Mathematical Methods
F:160
160 MTH304
F:35
35 MTH401
F:226
226 MTH403
F:147
147 MTH404
F:41
41 MTH405
F:132
132 MTH501
Linear Algebra
F:366
366 MTH5101
Calculus I
F:27
27 MTH5102
Calculus II
F:12
12 MTH601
F:266
266 MTH603
F:160
160 MTH621
F:105
105 MTH622
F:62
62 MTH631
F:167
167 MTH632
F:97
97 MTH633
F:54
54 MTH634
F:67
67 MTH641
F:179
179 MTH642
F:76
76 MTH643
F:22
22 MTH644
F:101
101 MTH645
F:63
63 MTH646
F:91
91 MTH647
F:53
53 PAD603
F:60
60 PAK301
Pakistan Studies
F:155
155 PAK302
Pakistan Studies
F:131
131 PAK522
Ideology and Constitution of Pakistan
F:51
51 PHY101
Physics
F:626
626 PHY301
F:95
95 PSC201
International Relations
F:85
85 PSC401
F:48
48 PSY101
Introduction to Psychology
F:409
409 PSY401
F:166
166 PSY402
F:43
43 PSY403
Social Psychology
F:262
262 PSY404
Abnormal Psychology
F:137
137 PSY405
Personality Psychology
F:174
174 PSY406
Educational Psychology
F:244
244 PSY407
F:175
175 PSY408
F:207
207 PSY409
F:143
143 PSY502
History & Systems of Psychology
F:264
264 PSY504
Cognitive Psychology
F:126
126 PSY505
Developmental Psychology
F:108
108 PSY510
F:179
179 PSY511
Environmental Psychology
F:69
69 PSY512
Gender Issues in Psychology
F:192
192 PSY513
F:175
175 PSY514
F:104
104 PSY515
Cross Cultural Psychology
F:140
140 PSY516
F:88
88 PSY610
F:81
81 PSY611
Ethical Issues in Psychology
F:132
132 PSY631
F:116
116 PSY632
F:180
180 PSYP402
F:90
90 PSYP610
F:171
171 PSYP631
F:185
185 SE601
F:21
21 SE601P
F:61
61 SE602
F:36
36 SOC101
Introduction to Sociology
F:1279
1279 SOC201
Social Statistics
F:191
191 SOC301
Introduction to Social Work
F:63
63 SOC302
Sociological Theories
F:94
94 SOC401
Cultural Anthropology
F:143
143 SOC402
F:59
59 SOC403
Gender Studies
F:80
80 SOC404
Pakistani Society and Culture
F:109
109 SOC509
F:89
89 SOC601
F:45
45 SOC602
Sociology of Education
F:50
50 SOC603
Sociology of Development
F:50
50 SOC604
Community Development
F:61
61 SOC605
Population Dynamics
F:51
51 SOC606
F:45
45 SOC607
F:90
90 SOC608
F:57
57 SOC609
F:82
82 SOC610
Electronic Media & Virtual Community
F:86
86 SOC611
F:58
58 SOC612
F:60
60 SOC613
F:70
70 SOC614
F:46
46 SOC615
F:65
65 SOC616
F:40
40 SOC617
F:59
59 STA301
Statistics and Probability
F:402
402 STA302
Data Analytics and Business Intelligence
F:34
34 STA621
F:64
64 STA630
Research Methods
F:298
298 STA631
Inferential Statistics
F:29
29 STA641
Statistical Packages and its Applications
F:87
87 STA642
Probability Distributions
F:59
59 STAT404
F:29
29 URD100
Urdu Language
F:42
42 URD101
Urdu
F:158
158 ZOO102
F:9
9 ZOO103
F:10
10 ZOO403
F:50
50 ZOO501
F:23
23 ZOO501P
F:44
44 ZOO501T
Developmental Biology (Theory)
F:115
115 ZOO502
F:9
9 ZOO503
F:153
153 ZOO504
F:139
139 ZOO505
F:27
27 ZOO507
F:21
21 ZOO510
Economic Zoology
F:136
136 ZOO511P
F:56
56 ZOO511T
F:27
27 ZOO512P
Animal Diversity: Invertebrates
F:25
25 ZOO512T
Animal Diversity: Invertebrates (Theory)
F:248
248 ZOO513P
Animal Diversity: Chordates (Practical)
F:34
34 ZOO513T
Animal Diversity: Chordates (Theory)
F:10
10 ZOO516P
F:36
36 ZOO516T
Animal Form & Function-I (Theory)
F:42
42 ZOO517P
F:29
29 ZOO517T
F:74
74 ZOO518P
F:71
71 ZOO518T
F:20
20 ZOO519P
F:55
55 ZOO519T
Physiology (Theory)
F:17
17 ZOO603T
Fish Biology (Theory)
F:13
13
Koi subject nahi mila
MIC501P — PDF
Is subject ke saare MCQs ek PDF file mein download karne ke liye request karein.
71 result(s)
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q60

The number of colonies on a spread plate after incubation indicate?

  • A) Cells can only be counted with microscope
  • B) Bacterial Lawn
  • C) Viable cell count
  • D) Dead cell count
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q61

Which solution is used as a moderant in Gram staining?

  • A) Sefranine
  • B) Ethanol
  • C) Crystal Violet
  • D) Iodine
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q62

Which test in the IMViC series is primarily used to detect the presence of acetoin?

  • A) Citrate utilization test
  • B) Indole test
  • C) Voges-Proskauer test
  • D) Methyl red test
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q63

At which phase the growth rate of bacteria is exactly equal to the death rate?

  • A) Stationary Phase
  • B) Log Phase
  • C) Death Phase
  • D) Lag Phase
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q64

What is the significance of the Oxidase test?

  • A) Determine carbohydrate utilization
  • B) Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
  • C) To Measure pH change
  • D) Assessing antibiotic resistance
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q65

Why are CFU counts considered a more accurate measure of bacterial viability than direct cell counts?

  • A) They determine bacterial species diversity
  • B) They provide information about bacterial morphology
  • C) They indicate bacterial concentration
  • D) They differentiate between live and dead cells
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q66

Why understanding bacterial growth kinetics is crucial in microbiology?

  • A) To estimate bacterial age
  • B) To determine bacterial habitat
  • C) To predict population growth in food spoilage
  • D) To optimize antibiotic dosages
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q67

Why is it necessary to use iodine in Gram staining?

  • A) To stabelize sefranine
  • B) To fix smear
  • C) To form a complex with crystal violet
  • D) To remove excess dye
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q68

Which test determines the ability of bacteria to use specific carbohydrates?

  • A) Fermentation test
  • B) Oxidase test
  • C) Urease test
  • D) Catalase test
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q69

A clear zone of microbial growth arround an anti-microbial substance indicate?

  • A) Resistance
  • B) Tolerance
  • C) Suseptibility
  • D) Increased growth
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
MIC501P Final Term Unsolved
Q70

For bacterial cell count, what is the acceptable number of bacterial colonies on a spread plate?

  • A) < 20
  • B) 30-200
  • C) > 300
  • D) >400
Answer abhi available nahi — is question ka AI/admin se answer milne ka intezar hai.
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