What is a degenerate primer?

• A) A single primer with a fixed nucleotide sequence
• B) A mixture of primers with identical sequences
• C) A mixture of primers with similar sequences that vary at one or more positions
• D) A primer used only for RNA amplification

What is the main use of inverse PCR?

• A) To identify flanking sequences around genomic inserts
• B) To quantify gene expression
• C) To amplify RNA sequences
• D) To sequence entire genomes

What is one use of competitor RT-PCR?

• A) To sequence proteins
• B) To detect mutations in DNA
• C) To amplify genomic DNA only
• D) To determine the amount of mRNA in a sample

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that:

• A) Amplifies random DNA sequences
• B) D. Separates proteins by size Separates proteins by size
• C) Exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences using restriction enzymes
• D) Converts RNA into DNA

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP) are:

• A) Differences in restriction fragment lengths caused by SNPs or INDELs
• B) A method used only for DNA sequencing
• C) Differences in protein lengths caused by mutations
• D) Random amplification of DNA fragments

PCR is widely used in various fields of life sciences such as:

• A) Genetic engineering, medical, forensic, agriculture, and environmental studies
• B) Only in genetic engineering
• C) Only in agriculture
• D) Only in medical sciences

RAPD (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA) is a PCR technique in which:

• A) RNA is amplified instead of DNA
• B) D. Only one DNA fragment is amplified Only one DNA fragment is amplified
• C) DNA segments are amplified randomly
• D) Specific DNA sequences are always targeted

Why were different types (variants) of PCR developed?

• A) To reduce the number of PCR cycles
• B) To eliminate the need for primers
• C) To improve performance and specificity and to amplify molecules such as RNA
• D) To replace the basic PCR method

What is the key feature of nested PCR?

• A) Use of two primer sets in two successive PCR reactions
• B) Amplification of RNA directly
• C) Use of one primer set in a single PCR
• D) Use of degenerate primers only

What is the main purpose of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)?

• A) To sequence DNA
• B) To clone genes
• C) To measure the quantity of a target sequence
• D) To synthesize RNA

Multiplex PCR is a technique used to

• A) D. Separate DNA fragments by size D. Separate DNA fragments by size D. Separate DNA fragments by size D. Separate DNA fragments by size D. Separate DNA fragments by size D. Separate DNA fragments by size D. Separate DNA fragments by size D. Separate DNA fragments by size Separate DNA fragments by size
• B) Amplify only one DNA sequence at a time
• C) Amplify several different DNA sequences simultaneously
• D) Sequence DNA fragments

Why are different types of yeast vectors important?

• A) They allow geneticists to manipulate genes in yeast
• B) They produce antibiotics in yeast
• C) They make yeast resistant to viruses
• D) hey help yeast grow faster

Why is Saccharomyces cerevisiae important in the history of DNA cloning?

• A) It was the organism of choice for DNA cloning in the late 1970s and its genome was fully sequenced in 1996
• B) It produces antibiotics
• C) It was first discovered in 1996
• D) It lives in extreme environments

Which plasmid vectors are used to maintain foreign DNA in S. cerevisiae?

• A) Bacterial cosmids only
• B) Viral vectors only
• C) Yeast episomal plasmids (YEps) and yeast replicating plasmids (YRps)
• D) Mitochondrial plasmids

How do yeast promoters compare to bacterial promoters?

• A) They do not control gene expression
• B) They are simpler than bacterial promoters
• C) They are more complex and have four recognizable structural elements
• D) They are identical to bacterial promoters

How is exogenous DNA introduced into fungi?

• A) By natural transformation
• B) By viral infection only
• C) By simple diffusion
• D) By using spheroplasts or conjugation

What does mass spectrometry (MS) primarily involve?

• A) Mixing chemicals to form new compounds
• B) Observing molecules under a microscope
• C) Heating molecules to observe color changes
• D) Ionizing molecules in a vacuum and measuring their mass

Which type of plasmid vector is used to clone DNA in Gram-negative bacteria other than E. coli?

• A) Viral vectors
• B) Cosmids only
• C) Yeast artificial chromosomes
• D) Shuttle or broad-host-range plasmids

Why are Archaea considered unique among prokaryotes?

• A) They thrive in extreme environments like high temperature, pH, or salt
• B) They live only in plants
• C) They are all disease-causing
• D) They cannot survive without oxygen

What are protein microarrays?

• A) Miniature devices with proteins arranged on a surface
• B) Test tubes containing dissolved proteins
• C) Large instruments used for protein purification
• D) Devices used only for DNA analysis