The advantages of liquid biofertilizers are

• A) Difficult to use
• B) Risk of contamination is high
• C) None
• D) Long shelf life

A liter of ethanol contains approximately ------- of the energy provided by a liter of petrol

• A) Two fourth
• B) two thirds
• C) both
• D) none

The first human vaccines were based on ------------- pathogens that cannot cause disease.

• A) none
• B) live
• C) weakened or killed
• D) killed by chemical

A type of vaccine which is made by an inactivated toxin whose toxicity has been suppressed either by chemical or heat Treatment. --------

• A) Live attenuated
• B) Subunit vaccine
• C) None of these
• D) Toxoid Vaccine

Do GMOs have an impact on the price of food?

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

The (Vitamin C) also called as

• A) Pyridoxine
• B) Riboflavin
• C) Thiamine
• D) Ascorbic acid

Which type of vaccine would evoke a strong antibody response to the free-floating antigen secreted by cells, and also would stimulate a strong cellular response against the microbial antigens displayed on cell surfaces

• A) Subunit vaccine
• B) Toxoid vaccine
• C) DNA vaccine
• D) None of these

In a third step the antigen will need to be purified in order to produce a high purity/quality product. For this purpose several protein purification steps will be carried out using the differences in ---------

• A) Protein size
• B) Binding affinity or biological activity.
• C) Binding affinity or biological activity.
• D) All of above

Microorganisms can be considered as a ---- tool for metal removal because they can be used to concentrate, remove, and recover heavy metals from contaminated aquatic environments.

• A) Physical
• B) Biological
• C) None
• D) Chemical

Although the potential use of plant-microbe interactions has been recommended as a means to maximize the economic returns of

• A) Leather industry
• B) Fermented industry
• C) Agriculture industry
• D) Paper industry

During Variable volume fed batch culture, the Volume of culture is ------------- by adding same medium

• A) none
• B) Remain same
• C) Decrease
• D) Increase

During Phase I of Clinical development of vaccine --------groups of people receive the trial vaccine

• A) No one
• B) Small
• C) No one
• D) Large

Amino acids such as --------- and --------- are used in the food industry as nutritional supplements in bread products and as flavor enhancing compounds such as Monosodium Glutamate (MSG).

• A) Lysine and Glutamic acid
• B) Arginine and Glutamic acid
• C) Lysine and Aspartic acid
• D) Leucine and Glutamic acid

Stirred tank bio-oxidation is the fastest method of bioleaching but, due to ------ costs, is only appropriate for some operations and is currently being used at ten different sites across the world.

• A) Higher
• B) Lower
• C)
• D)

------------- Metal is inert to microbial action.

• A) Gold
• B) Silver
• C) Platinum
• D) None

BT rice in Pakistan could result in a substantial increase in insecticide use on rice

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

The fourth step may include the ------------ which is a material that enhances the recipient’s immune response to a supplied antigen.

• A) Addition of an adjuvant
• B) Addition of antibody
• C) none
• D) Addition of Antigen

Which is true about term Vaccine

• A) The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and keep a record of it
• B) A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe
• C) All of above
• D) Biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

-------------- Fermentations are those where the substratum may be solid or liquid. The organism grows on the substratum and draws the nutrients from the substratum.

• A) Surface Fermentation
• B) Submerged Fermentation
• C) fermentation
• D) Solid state Fermentation

The word “adjuvant” means “to

• A) Sequence
• B) Design
• C) Mutate
• D) Help