What is a limitation of MEOR related to its success rate and implementation?

• A) Implementation requires major infrastructure alterations
• B) High heterogeneity of reservoirs makes success hard to predict
• C) MEOR is fast and easily controllable
• D) Success rate is predictable due to reservoir homogeneity

Why is pasteurization of raw cow milk essential in yoghurt production?

• A) To enhance the flavor
• B) To accelerate fermentation
• C) To kill harmful bacteria and pathogens
• D) To increase the sugar content

What is the primary bacterial fermentation process involved in yoghurt production?

• A) Alcoholic fermentation
• B) Lactic acid fermentation
• C) Acetic fermentation
• D) Butyric fermentation

What is the primary role of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) in vinegar production?

• A) Protein synthesis
• B) Lactic acid production
• C) Sugar fermentation
• D) Ethanol oxidation to acetic acid

Which microorganisms contribute to metal leaching by enzymatic reduction and production of organic acids?

• A) Leptospirillum
• B) Bacillus
• C) Aspergillus and Penicillium
• D) Thiobacillus

Why is it important to use sterile bottles during the collection of raw milk samples for yoghurt production?

• A) To increase the fat content in yoghurt
• B) To accelerate the fermentation process
• C) To prevent contamination and ensure cleanliness
• D) To enhance the flavor of yoghurt

What component of yoghurt contributes to its unique texture and tangy flavor?

• A) Sugar
• B) Protein
• C) Fat
• D) Lactic acid

What temperature is typically set in the thermostatically controlled water bath during yoghurt incubation?

• A) 4°C
• B) 20°C
• C) 85°C
• D) 37°C

Which laboratory technique involves a glass tube and a sieve plate filled with ore particles at the bottom?

• A) Percolator leaching
• B) Column leaching
• C) Bioleaching reactor
• D) Submerged leaching

What is the primary objective of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)?

• A) Mobilization of residual oil in oil wells
• B) Removal of dissolved solids from reservoirs
• C) Enhancement of natural gas production
• D) Sequestration of carbon dioxide in oil fields

Which of the listed materials is NOT required for vinegar production based on the provided information?

• A) Ethanol solution
• B) Aseptic crushing equipment
• C) Ripened grapes
• D) Bromocresol green

What is the potential additional oil recovery achievable through MEOR?

• A) Up to 70%
• B) Up to 20%
• C) Up to 30%
• D) Up to 50%

What is the role of ferric iron in indirect bioleaching, and how is it regenerated in the process?

• A) Ferric iron is the lixiviant, and it is regenerated by direct bacterial oxidation.
• B) Ferric iron is the lixiviant, and it is regenerated by enzymatic reduction.
• C) Ferric iron is the lixiviant, and it is regenerated by reoxidation with T. ferrooxidans or L. ferrooxidans.
• D) Ferric iron is the lixiviant, and it is regenerated by reoxidation with T. thiooxidans

Why are Acetobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, and Komagataeibacter species well-suited for vinegar production?

• A) They efficiently oxidize ethanol to acetic acid and tolerate high acetic acid concentrations
• B) They produce high amounts of ethanol
• C) They have low resistance to acetic acid
• D) They cannot tolerate acidic conditions

Which microorganisms are commonly used in MEOR, and what products do they produce?

• A) Bacteria producing acids
• B) Fungi producing alcohols
• C) Archaea producing solvents
• D) Bacteria producing biosurfactants and gases

Why is the cultivation of microorganisms for MEOR challenging?

• A) Predicting success rates is difficult due to the homogeneity of reservoirs
• B) Desired metabolic products are not produced by microorganisms
• C) Reservoirs lack the necessary physical and chemical characteristics
• D) Microorganisms cannot grow under reservoir conditions

What is the primary purpose of bioleaching?

• A) Production of antibiotics
• B) Fermentation of sugars
• C) Extraction of metals from low-grade ores
• D) Recovery of organic compounds

What distinguishes direct bacterial leaching from indirect bioleaching in terms of bacterial contact with minerals?

• A) Neither involves physical contact with minerals.
• B) Both involve physical contact with minerals.
• C) Indirect leaching involves physical contact, while direct leaching does not
• D) Direct leaching involves physical contact, while indirect leaching does not

What is the temperature range for the growth of Thiobacillus-like bacteria, Th-bacteria?

• A) 50-60 degrees Celsius
• B) 70-80 degrees Celsius
• C) 25-35 degrees Celsius
• D) 0-10 degrees Celsius

Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of ethanol to acetic acid during aerobic fermentation?

• A) Amylase
• B) Protease
• C) Alcohol dehydrogenase
• D) Lipase