Which of the following is not a type of DNA that can be purified using DNA extraction methods?

• A) Genomic DNA
• B) Ribosomal DNA
• C) Plasmid DNA
• D) Mitochondrial DNA

What is the purpose of performing karyotyping in prenatal diagnosis?

• A) Determine gender
• B) Identify genetic mutations
• C) Quantify gene expression levels
• D) Assess chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus

Primers used for the process of polymerase chain reaction are:

• A) Double-stranded RNA oligonucleotide
• B) Single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide
• C) Single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide
• D) Single-stranded RNA oligonucleotide

Which blotting technique involves the transfer of proteins to a membrane followed by antibody detection?

• A) Northern blotting
• B) Eastern blotting
• C) Southern blotting
• D) Western blotting

The primary purpose of chromosome banding techniques?

• A) To measure DNA content
• B) To study mitotic division
• C) To create a visual pattern for identification and diagnosis
• D) To determine chromosome length

What is the purpose of culturing cells before karyotyping?

• A) To synchronize the cell cycle
• B) To increase the number of chromosomes
• C) To induce mutations
• D) To enhance banding patterns

The significance of C-banding in human chromosome analysis is:

• A) Reveals GC-rich bands
• B) Stains adenine and thymine-rich regions
• C) Stains heterochromatin, including centromeric regions
• D) Highlights telomeric regions

Which type of chromosomes undergo repeated rounds of replication without cell division, forming highly replicated chromosomes known as polytene chromosomes?

• A) Animal chromosomes
• B) Plant chromosomes
• C) Human chromosomes
• D) Diptera chromosomes

Which enzyme is commonly used to synthesize cDNA from RNA templates?

• A) Reverse transcriptase
• B) RNA polymerase
• C) DNA polymerase
• D) Ligase

What staining technique is commonly used for visualizing chromosomes in karyotyping?

• A) Giemsa stain
• B) Crystal Violet
• C) Ethidium bromide
• D) Coomassie Brilliant Blue

In a karyotype, what does a "mosaic" pattern indicate?

• A) Chromosomal translocation
• B) Presence of multiple cell populations with different karyotypes
• C) Balanced chromosomal rearrangement
• D) Homozygosity for a specific gene

In real-time PCR, what is the purpose of using a fluorescence-labeled primer?

• A) To decrease the melting temperature
• B) To monitor DNA amplification in real-time
• C) To enhance primer binding
• D) To increase primer specificity

What does Q-banding primarily distinguish in human chromosomes?

• A) Adenine and thymine-rich regions
• B) Guanine and cytosine-rich regions
• C) Telomeric regions
• D) Centromeres

Which of the following is suitable for identifying mRNA molecue in a sample

• A) Northern Blotting
• B) Western Blotting
• C) Southern and Northern Blotting
• D) Southern Blotting

In Southern blotting, what is the purpose of using restriction enzymes?

• A) To fragment DNA
• B) To label RNA molecules
• C) To digest proteins
• D) To separate proteins

The enzyme used in formation of cDNA from mRNA is

• A) Helicase
• B) Gyrase
• C) Polymerase
• D) Transcriptase

What is the melting temperature (Tm) of a primer?

• A) The temperature at which primers degrade
• B) The temperature at which DNA denatures
• C) The temperature at which PCR stops
• D) The temperature at which DNA renatures

During cDNA synthesis, what is used as a primer for reverse transcription?

• A) Oligo(dT) primer
• B) Protein primer
• C) RNA primer
• D) DNA primer

In Southern blotting, what type of molecules are typically detected?

• A) RNA
• B) Proteins
• C) DNA
• D) Lipids

At what temperature does denaturation of DNA double helix takes place?

• A) 94deg;C
• B) 54deg;C
• C) 60deg;C
• D) 74deg;C