The association which involves the exchange of nutrients between two species is referred to as

• A) Mutualism
• B) Commensalism
• C) antagonism
• D) Syntrophism

Carbon fixation is a process that takes inorganic ----- (in the form of things like CO2) and converts it into organic compounds

• A) both
• B) none
• C) carbon
• D) oxygen

Oilgae is an example of

• A) First generation biofuel
• B) All
• C) Second generation biofuel
• D) Third generation biofuel

The vitamin thiamine also called as

• A) Vitamin B12
• B) Vitamin B7
• C) Vitamin B1
• D) Vitamin B5

---------- are a very important group of chemicals, which are used as anti-inflammatory drugs, and as hormones such as estrogens and progesterone.

• A) Protein
• B) lipid
• C) Steroids
• D) Carbohydrate

The enzyme catalyze the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+.

• A) Lactate synthase
• B) Lactate aldolase
• C) Lactate dehydrogenase
• D) none

Primary treatment of sewage consists of removal of ------------

• A) Solids
• B) Suspended solids
• C) Metals
• D) None

Statin produced by the yeast------------ have been commercialized as blood-cholesterol-lowering agents.

• A) Pseudomonas
• B) Alcanivorax
• C) Monascus purpureus
• D) none

Alcohol fermentation, also known as ethanol fermentation, is the ---------- pathway carried out by yeasts in which simple sugars are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide

• A) none
• B) Anaerobic
• C) Aerobic
• D) Both

A human being, for instance, has to consume an average of ------- to survive.

• A) 8.5L/day
• B) 1.5L/day
• C) 5.5L/day
• D) 2.5L/day

Pakistan is estimated to produce how million liters of ethanol production ?

• A) 100
• B) 300
• C) 400
• D) 200

The most common aerobic bacteria found in nasal cavity is ------------------- in 79% cases.

• A) Staphylococcus epidermidis
• B) Diphtheroids
• C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
• D) Staphylococcus aureus

------------ Acts as a vector in gene therapy to treat ADA deficiency.

• A) Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors
• B) Lentiviral Vectors
• C) Retrovirus
• D) Adenoviral Vectors

---------- are the most important decomposers of structural plant compounds (cellulose and lignin)

• A) Animal
• B) Fungi
• C) protozoa
• D) Plant

Which types of microorganisms is not involved in food spoilage?

• A) bacteria
• B) Virus
• C) moulds
• D) yeast

The study involves to combat plant diseases that attack important food crops, work on methods to increase soil fertility and crop yields etc called as ----------.

• A) Agricultural microbiology
• B) Botany
• C) Microbial microbiology
• D) Zology

One estimate that there are at least ----------different species of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microbes which live on the skin.

• A) 500
• B) 3000
• C) 2000
• D) 1000

Downstream processing is required to remove ---------- and -------- from the desired product present in bioreactor.

• A) All of above
• B) Impurities, bulk-volume reduction
• C) bulk-volume reduction, concentration of the desired product
• D) Impurities

Agrobacterium is bacteria that uses a method --------------for the transfer of DNA between different genomes

• A) Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
• B) Genetic engineering
• C) none
• D) Recombination

------------- is the most common adjuvant used in approved prophylactic vaccines because of its excellent safety profile and ability to enhance protective humoral immune response (Th2).

• A) Alum
• B) SqualVax
• C) None
• D) Complete Freund’s Adjuvant