In the first step of RNA extraction, what is the ratio of Trizol to the sample volume used in the process?

• A) 800uL Trizol and 800 uL sample
• B) 800uL Trizol and 400 uL sample
• C) 8000uLTrizol and 600 uL sample
• D) 800uL Trizol and 200 uL sample

What reading indicates more contaminants are present in DNA or RNA samples according to the provided information?

• A) A260/320 ratio of 1.7
• B) A260/230 ratio of 1.8
• C) A260/280 ratio of 1.6
• D) A260/280 ratio of 2.0

How is a dilution defined in the context of a solution?

• A) By increasing the temperature of a solution
• B) By removing solute from a concentrated solution
• C) By adding more solute to a less concentrated solution
• D) By adding more solvent to a more concentrated solution (stock solution)

How long is the RNA pellet held at room temperature after adding 500uL 100% isopropanol?

• A) 5 minutes
• B) 15 minutes
• C) 30 minutes
• D) 10 minutes

At what speed is the centrifugation carried out during the DNA washing step for 10 minutes?

• A) 15000 rpm
• B) 8000 rpm
• C) 5000 rpm
• D) 20000 rpm

What is the next step after "RBC Lysis" step in DNA extraction protocol?

• A) Break the pellet gently
• B) Discard the supernatant
• C) Wash with ice-cold ethanol
• D) Add Proteinase K

How is the agarose gel with ethidium bromide can be visualized after electrophoresis?

• A) Under fluorescent light
• B) Uder differential Interference contrast microscope
• C) Using white light
• D) Under UV light

How is the 0.8% agarose gel prepared for DNA quantification?

• A) Boiling 0.8 g of Agarose in 50 mL of 1X TAE buffer
• B) Boiling 1.0 g of Agarose in 100 mL of water
• C) Boiling 0.5 g of Agarose in 100 mL of 1X TAE buffer
• D) Boiling 0.8 g of Agarose in 100 mL of 1X TAE buffer

What is the purpose of measuring absorbance at 230nm in DNA/RNA purity evaluation?

• A) To visualize nucleic acids
• B) To detect DNA concentration
• C) To detect other possible contaminants
• D) To detect proteins

How can low yield of plasmid DNA during isolation be addressed?

• A) Increase incubation time of bacterial culture
• B) Add more lysis buffer
• C) Reduce the incubation time in lysis buffer
• D) Ensure proper centrifugation steps

Who conducted the first demonstration of bacterial transformation in 1928 using Streptococcus pneumoniae?

• A) Frederick Griffith
• B) Escherichia coli
• C) Stanley Cohen
• D) Herbert Boyer

What is the purpose of treating proteins with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) in SDS-PAGE?

• A) To visualize proteins
• B) To break disulfide bonds
• C) To increase protein charge
• D) To enhance protein folding

What is the purpose of plating the transformed cells onto agar plates containing antibiotics?

• A) To inhibit bacterial growth
• B) To decrease transformation efficiency
• C) To select for transformed cells
• D) To prevent plasmid replication

How many cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension are typically performed in a PCR reaction?

• A) 5-10 cycles
• B) 20-40 cycles
• C) 100 cycles
• D) 50-75 cycles

Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides during the extension step of PCR?

• A) DNA helicase
• B) RNA polymerase
• C) Ligase
• D) DNA polymerase

In the extension step of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), where does the DNA polymerase enzyme add nucleotides?

• A) In both 5' and 3' directions simultaneously
• B) To the 3' end of each primer, extending the DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction
• C) To the 3' end of each primer
• D) To the 5' end of each primer

For which breakthrough did Kary Mullis receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993?

• A) DNA Cloning
• B) PCR Amplification
• C) DNA Sequencing
• D) Gel Electrophoresis

What is the primary purpose of resuspending the bacterial pellet in lysis buffer during plasmid DNA isolation?

• A) To promote plasmid DNA release
• B) To break down genomic DNA
• C) To enhance bacterial growth
• D) . To neutralize the bacterial culture

In SDS-PAGE, what is the purpose of the protein molecular weight marker?

• A) Enhance protein color
• B) Determine the size of protein samples
• C) Determine the size of protein samples
• D) Indicate the pH of the gel

Which dye is commonly used to stain the gel after SDS-PAGE for visualizing separated proteins?

• A) Ethidium bromide
• B) SYBR Green
• C) SYBR Green
• D) Coomassie Blue