MCQ Bank

Data transformation is the process of changing data from their original form into a format more suitable for analysis. It can involve recoding, combining, or restructuring variables.

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Q27

For the presentation of data, tables are frequently constructed in research. Which of the following is not part of tables?

A) Regression
B) Number
C) Title
D) Marginals

AI Explanation

Regression is a statistical analysis technique rather than a standard component of a research table. Number, title, and marginals are commonly associated with the construction and presentation of tables.

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Q28

Some common types of graphic presentations are ________________.

A) bar chart
B) histograms, bar chart, and pie chart
C) histograms
D) bar chart and pie chart

AI Explanation

Histograms, bar charts, and pie charts are common forms of graphical data presentation. They help researchers display patterns, comparisons, and distributions visually.

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Q29

______________ refers to making inferences pertinent to the meaning and implications of the research investigation and drawing conclusions.

A) Presentation of data
B) Analysis of data
C) Interpretation of data
D) Schedule of data

AI Explanation

Interpretation of data involves drawing meaning and implications from the findings of a research investigation. It allows researchers to make relevant inferences and formulate conclusions based on the analysis.

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Q30

Researchers read percentage tables to make_____________.

A) Comparisons
B) Graphs
C) Results
D) Standards

AI Explanation

Percentage tables are commonly read to compare values across categories or groups. Percentages make differences and relationships easier to identify than raw counts alone.

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Q31

The final stage in the coding process is _______.

A) data cleaning
B) data synchronization
C) data editing
D) data analysis

AI Explanation

Data analysis is the final stage after coding and preparation of the data. Once responses have been coded, the coded information can be analysed to obtain meaningful findings.

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Q32

In some cases, the respondent may have answered only the second portion of a two-part question. This type of editing is called _________.

A) In-House Editing
B) Editing for Completeness
C) Editing for Consistency
D) Editing Questions Answered out of Order

AI Explanation

Editing for completeness checks whether all necessary portions of a questionnaire have been answered. If only one part of a two-part question is answered, the editor identifies the missing portion during this process.

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Q33

Pretests and posttests are performed to measure _______ during an experiment.

A) Moderating variable
B) Independent variable
C) Extraneous variable
D) Dependent variable

AI Explanation

Pretests and posttests measure the dependent variable to determine whether the experimental treatment produced a change. The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated by the researcher.

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Q34

Pretests and posttests are performed to measure _______ variable during an experiment:

A) Dependent
B) Extraneous
C) Moderating
D) Independent

AI Explanation

The dependent variable is measured before and after an experimental treatment to assess its effect. Pretest and posttest measurements therefore focus on the dependent variable.

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Q35

___________ is the criterion or standard by which the results are judged.

A) Pretest and posttest
B) Independent variable
C) Control groups
D) Dependent variable

AI Explanation

The dependent variable is the criterion or standard by which experimental results are judged. It is the outcome measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.

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Q36

A ____ is a collection of characters that represent a single type of data.

A) File
B) Code-book
C) Field
D) Record

AI Explanation

A field is a collection of characters representing a single type of data or attribute. Fields are used to organise individual pieces of information within a record.

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Q37

___________ is the process of checking and adjusting the data for omissions, legibility, and consistency.

A) Data cleaning
B) Editing
C) Coding
D) Plug value

AI Explanation

Editing is the process of checking and adjusting collected data for omissions, legibility, and consistency. It helps ensure the data are accurate and suitable for subsequent analysis.

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Q38

Qualitative research produces..........

A) Hard data
B) soft data
C) both
D) non of above

AI Explanation

Qualitative research generally produces soft data, such as descriptions, opinions, meanings, and observations. These data are typically non-numerical and provide detailed insight into experiences and behaviours.

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Q39

The type of Non-probability sampling in which the researcher lays down the criteria for the subjects is called:

A) Convenience sampling
B) Purposive sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Snowball sampling

AI Explanation

Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which the researcher deliberately selects subjects according to specified criteria. The selection is based on the participants' relevance to the research purpose.

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Q40

________ incorporate all the powers of the previous scales plus the provision for absolute zero or origin

A) Interval Scale
B) Ratio Scale
C) Ordinal scales
D) Nominal scales

AI Explanation

A ratio scale incorporates the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales and also has an absolute zero point. This allows meaningful comparisons of both differences and ratios.

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Q41

Split half reliability reflects the correlations between ___________ of an instrument

A) All Parts
B) Two halves
C) Three halves
D) Four halves

AI Explanation

Split-half reliability assesses the correlation between two halves of the same measurement instrument. A high correlation indicates that the items consistently measure the same construct.

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Q42

__________ applies when multiple indicators converge or are associated with one another

A) Discriminant Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Convergent Validity
D) Predictive validity

AI Explanation

Convergent validity applies when multiple indicators intended to measure the same construct are strongly associated or converge. It demonstrates that related measures are capturing a common underlying concept.

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Q43

Reliability is a _____________ condition of the test of goodness of a measure

A) None of above
B) Necessary
C) Sufficient
D) Both sufficient and necessary

AI Explanation

Reliability is a necessary condition for a good measurement instrument because inconsistent measurements cannot provide dependable results. However, reliability alone does not guarantee validity.

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Q44

If the research objective requires an extremely lengthy questionnaire, ____________ may be the only alternative

A) Collect less data
B) Personal interviews
C) Direct Meet up
D) Changing the Methodology

AI Explanation

When a questionnaire is extremely lengthy, personal interviews may be the only practical alternative. Interviewers can guide respondents through lengthy questions and help maintain completion and response quality.

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Q45

Qualitative research produces ____ data while Quantitative research produces ____ data.

A) Primary, secondary
B) Reliable, unreliable
C) Soft, hard
D) Hard, soft

AI Explanation

Qualitative research generally produces soft data, such as descriptions, meanings, and observations. Quantitative research produces hard data, which are numerical and measurable.