What does the term urbanization refer to?

• A) The process of people moving from rural areas into cities
• B) The decrease in population in rural areas
• C) The process of people moving from cities to rural areas
• D) The process of cities becoming smaller

Which of the following theory stimulated that states developed as a result of warfare and oppression rather than voluntary self-interest?

• A) Nation state formation
• B) Coercive Theory of State Formation
• C) Hydraulic Theory of State Formation
• D) Voluntaristic State Formation

When people are rewarded primarily by popularity rather than skill, this contradicts the ideas of:

• A) Functionalism
• B) Interactionalism
• C) Conflict theory
• D) Evolution theory

Colonial rulers often imposed which form of governance?

• A) Kingdom
• B) Chiefdoms
• C) Bands
• D) Tribes

The term used to describe cultural reorganization over a shorter period of time is:

• A) Diffusion
• B) Change
• C) Interrelation
• D) Acculturation

Cultural diffusion is considered a two-way process because:

• A) Only the recipient culture undergoes change
• B) Neither culture experiences any change
• C) Both cultures change as a result of exchange
• D) Only the donor culture undergoes change

Which type of social norms punishes people for violating the norms?

• A) Positive social norms
• B) Formal control
• C) Negative social norms
• D) Informal mechanism

Conflict theory sees upper classes as:

• A) Supportive
• B) Exploitative
• C) Neutral
• D) Passive

Which of the following ideology describes the expected roles of men and women in a society?

• A) Epistemological ideology
• B) Economic ideology
• C) Gender ideology
• D) Political ideology

Critics argue globalization increases inequality because:

• A) It reduces international trade
• B) It creates equal opportunities
• C) It eliminates economic competition
• D) It benefits wealthy individuals more

What type of economy is usually associated with bands?

• A) Market economy
• B) Reciprocity-based economy
• C) Industrial economy
• D) Feudal economy

Which one of the following is the most prominent form of political organization found around the world today?

• A) Bands
• B) States
• C) Tribes
• D) Nations

Which one of the following systems have the greatest amount of political integration, specialized political roles and maintain authority on the basis of an ideology?

• A) Tribal
• B) Chiefdom
• C) State
• D) Band

Which practice in bands ensures that no single individual accumulates too much power?

• A) Redistribution
• B) Centralized authority
• C) Egalitarian decision-making
• D) Feudalism

Laws are enforceable by _____________.

• A) Group pressure
• B) Threat of punishment
• C) Peer pressure
• D) Ostracism

Which one of the following represents the significance of feasting in chiefdoms?

• A) It is mean of political control and redistribution
• B) It is purely a religious ritual
• C) It only involves the lower social classes
• D) It weakens the authority of the chief

Acculturation occurs due to sustained contact between:

• A) Two cultures with equal power dynamics
• B) A culture and its natural environment
• C) A culture and external influences
• D) Two cultures, one dominant and one subordinate

A smartphone designed in the U.S. but modified for Chinese consumers with different apps illustrates which aspect of diffusion?

• A) Selectivity
• B) Innovation
• C) Modification
• D) Reciprocity

A system of stratification where positions are partly achieved and social mobility is common is known as:

• A) Status
• B) Class
• C) Slavery
• D) Caste

What does "environmental cost" refer to in globalization?

• A) The expansion of forests
• B) The negative impact on land, water, and air
• C) The rise in global wealth
• D) The improvement of ecosystems