MCQ Bank

Dermal fibroblasts are connective-tissue cells found in the dermis and play an important role in skin structure and repair. Their use has therefore been explored extensively in skin tissue engineering.

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Q61

The treatment of primary immunodeficiency depends on the nature of the defect, and may involve __________________

A) Stem cell transplantation
B) All of the given
C) Antibody infusions
D) Long-term antibiotics

AI Explanation

Treatment of primary immunodeficiency depends on the specific immune defect. Depending on the condition, management may include antibody infusions, long-term antibiotics, or stem cell transplantation.

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Q62

It has been reported that ____________immunity is only for a short duration of time, up to several months.

A) Passive
B) Active
C) Cell mediated
D) Humoral

AI Explanation

Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of preformed antibodies rather than by the body's own immune response. It provides immediate but temporary protection, often lasting only weeks to months.

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Q63

Which strategy is involved for the production of “knockout” mice?

A) All of the given
B) Gain of function
C) Loss of function
D) Complex function

AI Explanation

Knockout mice are produced by disrupting or inactivating a specific gene to study the effects of its absence. This represents a loss-of-function strategy and helps researchers determine the gene's role.

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Q64

Helper T cells express T cell receptors that identify antigens attached to _______________

A) Class-IV MHC molecules
B) Class-II MHC molecules
C) Class-I MHC molecules
D) Class-III MHC molecules

AI Explanation

Helper T cells express CD4 receptors and recognise antigen fragments presented by MHC class II molecules. MHC class II is primarily found on professional antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

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Q65

Which type of cells isolated from genetically identical individual is known as

A) Xenogeneic cells
B) Isogeneic cells
C) Autogeneic cells
D) Allogeneic cells

AI Explanation

Isogeneic cells are obtained from genetically identical individuals, such as identical twins or genetically identical experimental organisms. Because their genetic makeup is the same, they are useful for studying biological effects without genetic variation.

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Q66

The B cells display the antigenic peptides on their surface of ______________

A) MHC Class-I molecules
B) Neither MHC Class-I molecules nor MHC Class-II molecules
C) Either MHC Class-I molecules or MHC Class-II molecules
D) MHC Class-II molecules

AI Explanation

B cells are professional antigen-presenting cells and display processed antigenic peptides on MHC class II molecules. These complexes are recognised by CD4-positive helper T cells.

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Q67

Following are the common causes for secondary immunodeficiency , except

A) Autosomal recessive disorders
B) Aging
C) Malnutrition
D) Particular medications

AI Explanation

Autosomal recessive disorders are inherited genetic conditions and are generally classified as primary immunodeficiencies when they directly cause immune dysfunction. Secondary immunodeficiencies commonly arise from factors such as aging, malnutrition, infections, or medications.

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Q68

Which type of T-cells that are not attached to MHC receptors?

A) Helper T cells
B) Gamma–delta T cells
C) Killer T cells
D) Cytotoxic T cells

AI Explanation

Gamma–delta T cells have T-cell receptors composed of gamma and delta chains and can recognise certain antigens without conventional MHC presentation. In contrast, most alpha-beta T cells recognise peptide antigens presented by MHC molecules.

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Q69

The main principle behind vaccination is called______________ where a patient is injected with an antigen developed from a nonactive or killed form of pathogens to inspire the body to develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen.

A) Inflammation
B) Opsonization
C) Vasodilation
D) Immunization

AI Explanation

Immunization is the process of inducing protective immunity by exposing the immune system to an antigen, commonly through vaccination. This stimulates the development of antigen-specific immune responses and memory.

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Q70

Embryonic stem cell-mediated transfer method involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by _____________into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells, and the transformed cells can be selected using standard markers.

A) Replicative recombination
B) Nonhomologous recombination
C) All of the given
D) Homologous recombination

AI Explanation

In embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer, the desired DNA sequence is introduced into cultured ES cells through homologous recombination. Correctly modified cells can then be identified using selectable markers.

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Q71

In the 1970s, the introduction of______________, the product of a soil fungus, dramatically improved one-year graft and transplant patient survival.

A) Prednisone
B) Azathioprine
C) Corticosteroids
D) Cyclosporine

AI Explanation

Cyclosporine, derived from a soil fungus, became an important immunosuppressive drug in transplantation during the 1970s. Its introduction substantially improved graft survival by reducing immune rejection.

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Q72

The gene of interest (GOI) is ligated to selectable marker gene and reporter gene. Reported genes may be ________________

A) Luciferase gene
B) All of the given
C) β-glucuronidase gene (GUS)
D) Green fluorescent protein

AI Explanation

Common reporter genes include luciferase, β-glucuronidase (GUS), and green fluorescent protein (GFP). These genes help researchers detect or monitor cells containing the gene of interest.

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Q73

Which is not example of autoimmunity disease?

A) Diabetes mellitus type 1
B) AIDS
C) Churg–Strauss syndrome
D) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

AI Explanation

AIDS is caused by infection with HIV and is not an autoimmune disease. Type 1 diabetes, Churg–Strauss syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis are autoimmune disorders involving inappropriate immune responses against the body's own tissues.

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Q74

The antigen–antibody complex is taken up by the ________________and processed by proteolysis into peptides.

A) B-cells
B) Macrophages
C) T-cells
D) NK cells

AI Explanation

Antigen–antibody complexes can be taken up by macrophages, which process the antigen through proteolysis. The resulting peptides can then participate in antigen presentation and immune responses.

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Q75

Lymphocytes do not include:

A) T-Cells
B) NK cells
C) Dendritic cells
D) B- Cells

AI Explanation

Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting immune cells but are classified separately from lymphocytes.

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Q76

The concept of sperm-mediated transgenesis rested for 18 years until scientists reported the use of spermatozoa as ________________to produce transgenic mice.

A) Enzyme carriers
B) RNA carriers
C) DNA carriers
D) Protein carriers

AI Explanation

Sperm-mediated transgenesis uses spermatozoa as carriers to introduce foreign DNA into an egg during fertilization. This approach can result in the production of transgenic animals such as mice.

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Q77

The human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be differentiated into a following variety of tissue types, except

A) Embryo
B) Fat
C) Nerve cells
D) Cartilage

AI Explanation

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into several tissue types, including fat, cartilage, and certain neural cell types. They do not normally differentiate into an embryo, making this the exception.

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Q78

The recogni¬tion of this MHC–antigen complex is aided by a coreceptor localized on the killer T cell, which is also called___________. It has been suggested that T cells travel throughout the body in hunt of cells where the ___________receptors contain this antigen.

A) CD-8, MHC-I
B) CD-4, MHC-I
C) CD-4, MHC-II
D) CD-8, MHC-II

AI Explanation

Cytotoxic or killer T cells express the CD8 coreceptor, which assists recognition of antigen presented by MHC class I molecules. This enables CD8-positive T cells to identify and destroy infected or abnormal cells.

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Q79

The disadvantages of virus-mediated transgenic technique are the possible interference of viral regulatory elements with the expression of genes and the susceptibility of virus to de novo _________________________resulting in silencing of the genes.

A) Phosphorylation
B) Methylation
C) All of the given
D) Acetylation

AI Explanation

Viral vectors can cause transgene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. De novo methylation of regulatory regions can reduce or prevent expression of the introduced gene.