MCQ Bank

An explanatory study aims to explain relationships among variables and identify possible causal connections. Descriptive studies, in contrast, primarily describe characteristics or patterns.

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Q61

_______________ is the complete group of specific population elements relevant to the research project

A) Element
B) Sampling
C) Population
D) Target Population

AI Explanation

The target population is the complete group of specific population elements relevant to a research project. It defines the group to which the researcher intends to generalise the findings.

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Q62

Reliability of a measure is an indication of the _________ with which the instrument helps to assess the ‘goodness” of measure

A) None of Above
B) Stability
C) Consistency
D) stability and consistency

AI Explanation

Reliability refers to the stability and consistency of a measurement instrument. A reliable measure produces consistent results when measuring the same construct under similar conditions.

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Q63

Quota sampling can be considered as a form of _______________.

A) Theoretical Sampling
B) Proportionate stratified sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Sequential Sampling

AI Explanation

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which researchers select participants to fill predetermined quotas. In practice, participants within quota categories are often selected using convenience-based methods.

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Q64

___________________ Individuals selected for the sample are the major means to reducing non-response error

A) Paying
B) Attempts to re-contact
C) Attempts to give awareness to
D) Educating

AI Explanation

Attempts to re-contact individuals who do not initially respond can reduce non-response error. Follow-up contact gives selected participants additional opportunities to provide their responses.

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Q65

_____________ is the ability of an instrument (for example measuring an attitude) to measure what it is supposed to measure.

A) Sensitivity
B) Validity
C) Integrity
D) Reliability

AI Explanation

Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what it is intended to measure. For example, an attitude scale is valid if it accurately measures the intended attitude.

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Q66

Linear approach (sequential steps) includes in---------

A) qualitative research
B) hypothesis
C) conclusion
D) quantitative research

AI Explanation

Quantitative research commonly follows a linear, sequential approach in which research steps proceed in an ordered manner. It typically moves from problem formulation and hypotheses through data collection and analysis to conclusions.

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Q67

In the stratification process the variable chosen should increase _______ within each stratum and increase ________ between strata.

A) Variability, invariability
B) Invariability, variability
C) Homogeneity, heterogeneity
D) Heterogeneity, homogeneity

AI Explanation

In stratification, each stratum should be as homogeneous as possible internally. At the same time, the strata should be heterogeneous from one another to improve the usefulness of the sampling design.

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Q68

The totality out of which sample is drawn is referred to as ____________

A) Population
B) None of above
C) Community
D) Total Individuals

AI Explanation

The population is the totality of units or individuals from which a sample is drawn. It represents the broader group to which the research findings may be generalised.

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Q69

Units of analysis in a study are typically also the _____________

A) All of above
B) Unit of observation
C) The purpose of the study
D) Time dimension

AI Explanation

The unit of analysis is the entity about which conclusions are drawn, and it is typically also the unit of observation from which data are collected. Examples include individuals, groups, organisations, or households.

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Q70

Research Design can be classified by the approach used to gather _________ data

A) Primary
B) Tertiary
C) All types of
D) Secondary

AI Explanation

Research design can be classified according to the approach used to gather data. Depending on the study, researchers may collect primary, secondary, or other relevant types of data.

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Q71

The critical thing about ___________ measures is that the people being studied are not aware of it but leave evidence of their social behavior or actions naturally.

A) Obstructive
B) Non-reactive
C) Obtrusive
D) Reactive

AI Explanation

Non-reactive measures are designed so that people being studied are unaware that their behaviour is being measured. This allows researchers to examine naturally occurring evidence without influencing participants' behaviour.

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Q72

Which of the following is not a type of observation tool:

A) Experiment
B) Stratification
C) Interview
D) Questionnaire

AI Explanation

Stratification is a sampling technique rather than an observation tool. Experiments, interviews, and questionnaires can all be used as methods or tools for collecting observational or research data.

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Q73

Network, chain referral, or reputational sampling is also called ______.

A) Theoretical Sampling
B) Sequential Sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Snowball Sampling

AI Explanation

Snowball sampling is also known as network or chain-referral sampling. Existing participants help identify or recruit additional participants, making it useful for reaching difficult-to-access populations.

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Q74

In probability, sampling every element in the population has a known _________________.

A) Zero non-probability of selection
B) Non-zero non-probability of selection
C) Non-zero probability of selection
D) Zero probability of selection

AI Explanation

In probability sampling, every element in the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. This principle allows researchers to estimate sampling error and make statistical generalisations.

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Q75

The stratification in random sampling is done because of the following except ………….

A) to enable use of different research procedures in different strata
B) to increase a sample’s statistical efficiency
C) to provide adequate data for analyzing the various subpopulations
D) develop a system for the selection of elements instead of random numbers

AI Explanation

Stratification is used to improve statistical efficiency, ensure adequate representation of subpopulations, and sometimes allow different procedures across strata. Developing a system for selecting elements instead of using random numbers is not a purpose of stratification.

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Q76

Social researchers do not use a consistent nomenclature to distinguish between the _________ and _____________

A) Scales, Data
B) Data, indexes
C) Scales, indexes
D) None of above

AI Explanation

Social researchers may use the terms scales and indexes somewhat inconsistently, although they have different measurement functions. Both are tools for combining or assessing indicators of social constructs.

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Q77

Statistic is different from Statistics in a sense that:

A) Statistic refer to summary description of a variable in survey sample in numerical form
B) All given options are incorrect
C) Statistics refer to summary description of a variable in survey sample in numerical form
D) Statistic refers to the field of study dealing with data collection and interpretation

AI Explanation

A statistic is a numerical summary describing a characteristic of a sample. Statistics, with an s, refers more broadly to the field concerned with collecting, analysing, interpreting, and presenting data.

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Q78

Coding the visible, surface content in a text is called ___________.

A) Manifest coding
B) Semantic coding
C) Latent Coding
D) Conventional coding

AI Explanation

Manifest coding focuses on the visible and directly observable content of a text. Latent coding, in contrast, focuses on underlying meanings or themes that are not explicitly stated.

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Q79

The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically while retaining the characteristics of a ________.

A) Simple random sample
B) Stratified Random Sample
C) Systematic Random Sample
D) Probability sample

AI Explanation

Cluster sampling groups population elements into clusters and then samples clusters to reduce the cost and effort of data collection. It aims to retain many of the useful characteristics of a simple random sample while making sampling more economical.