_____________ are single stranded DNA or RNA molecules that fold into defined secondary structures and bind to targets with high affinity and specificity.

• A) Probe
• B) Antibody
• C) Antigen
• D) Aptamers

DNA biosensor are also known as _______________.

• A) Conductometric Sensors
• B) Immunosensors
• C) Geno sensors
• D) Galvano sensors

The oxidation of Guanine is _________ dependent.

• A) pH
• B) Temperature
• C) Time
• D) Pressure

A typical molecular beacon probe is ________ nucleotides long.

• A) 15
• B) 35
• C) 10
• D) 25

Aptamers bind to their target by determining the _________ structure.

• A) Quaternary
• B) Primary
• C) Tertiary
• D) Secondary

In _________________ technique, the synthesized DNA probe is typically linked with the group of thiols (SH) or amines (NH2) at the end of 3′ or 5′ to bind covalently to the metal surface or specific functional group introduced to the electrode surface.

• A) Capping
• B) Adsorption
• C) Avidin/ Biotin Interaction
• D) Covalent Bonding

Molecular beacons are designed with having _______ types of sequences.

• A) 4
• B) 2
• C) 6
• D) 7

__________ between protein helix and Phosphate groups of DNA happen during binding of DNA with Histones.

• A) Polar Interactions
• B) Non-Polar interaction
• C) Hydrogen Bonding
• D) Salt Bridge

Each nuclesome is composed of DNA wound 1.65 times around _________ histone proteins.

• A) 4
• B) 6
• C) 10
• D) 8

There is no internal repulsion in DNA-PNA dulpex as compared to DNA DNA duplex, that is due due to the _____________.

• A) Absence of Sugar residues
• B) Absence of Phosphate Groups
• C) Presence of Phosphate Group
• D) Presence of Sugar Residues

Biosensor designed for plant tissues are very helpful in identifying the __________ in plants.

• A) Parts of plants
• B) Age
• C) Growth rate
• D) Nutritional deficiencies

The efficiency of DNA base biosensor could be improved by _________ base electrodes.

• A) Nitrogen/ hydrogen
• B) Sulphur
• C) Carbon/metal
• D) Hydrogen/metal

___________ is a DNA mimic in which the nucleo-bases are linked by an N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine backbone.

• A) Aptamer
• B) DNA Probe
• C) Peptide nucleic acid (PNA)
• D) Amino Acids

Generally, the flow of fluid in a microchip is laminar due to __________ and small distances.

• A) Resistance
• B) Small diameter
• C) Smooth Path
• D) High Speed

_____________ is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.

• A) Shielding Effect
• B) Dissipation factor
• C) Inertia
• D) Reynolds number

_____________ is described as the most redox-active nitrogeneous base in DNA.

• A) Adenine
• B) Guanine
• C) Thymine
• D) Cytosine

__________ are short DNA oligonucleotides (12-40-mer) able to hybridize with specific target sequences.

• A) DNA Probes
• B) Antibody
• C) DNA Dendrimers
• D) Aptamers

The convenient oxidation of ______________ base is helpful in the detection of target molecule under ambient conditions.

• A) Thymine
• B) Adenine
• C) Guanine
• D) Cytosine

__________ interaction between ribose sugar and histones happen during binding of DNA with Histones.

• A) Hydrogen Bonding
• B) Polar Interaction
• C) Salt Bridge
• D) Non-Polar Interaction

Nucleosomes fold up to form a 30- nanometer chromatin fiber, which forms loops averaging______ nanometers in length.

• A) 200
• B) 300
• C) 400
• D) 450