In shift-reduce parsing, what does a handle represent?

• A) The non-terminal symbol on the left-hand side of a production rule.
• B) The right-hand side of a production rule that matches a portion of the input string.
• C) The terminal symbol at the top of the parser's stack.
• D) The current state of the parser's stack.

LR parsers are commonly used for:

• A) Lexical analysis
• B) Register Allocation
• C) Code generation
• D) Syntax analysis

In bottom-up parsing, _______________ conflict occurs when the parser encounters a state where it has multiple valid shift actions but needs to decide which one to choose.

• A) Reduce-Reduce
• B) Shift-Reduce
• C) Shift-Shift
• D) Reduce-Shift

In the LR table, how are the entries other than the state containing [S' → •S, $] initialized?

• A) Assigned with shift actions
• B) Marked as "accept"
• C) Marked as "error"
• D) Assigned with reduce actions

In LR(1) parser, the Action table specifies the next state, while the GoTo table determines the particular action (i.e., shift / reduce).

• A) False
• B) True
• C)
• D)

In the context of LR(1) parser, each set in _______________ represents a state in the eventual parser DFA.

• A) Upper Frontier
• B) Closure Procedure
• C) Canonical Collection
• D) Handle

By setting the initial state and marking the remaining entries as "error", the LR table is properly initialized to begin the LR parsing process.

• A) False
• B) True
• C)
• D)

In the context of Shift-Reduce parser, the number of potential handles for a grammar is equal to the ____________ of the lengths of the right-hand side of all the productions.

• A) Multiplication
• B) Division
• C) Sum
• D) Subtraction

In LR grammar, the R stands for ________________.

• A) Right shift
• B) Right most derivation
• C) Right hand side of grammar
• D) Right to left scan

In the LR(1) parser code, the statement "stack.pop(2×|β|)" pops twice the length of the _______________ side of the production rule from the stack.

• A) Bottom-hand
• B) Right-hand
• C) Top-hand
• D) Left-hand

In the context of canonical collection of LR(1) items, if a terminal appears after the placeholder "·" then no further closure is possible.

• A) False
• B) True
• C)
• D)

In compiler construction, an LR parser is a type of:

• A) Bottom-up parser
• B) Non-recursive parser
• C) Top-down parser
• D) Recursive descent parser

In the context of LR(1) parser, which of the following forms the GoTo table in the DFA representation table?

• A) Columns with non-terminals
• B) Rows with non-terminals
• C) Rows with terminals
• D) Columns with terminals

What does the term "canonical collection" refer to in LR parsing?

• A) A list of production rules in a grammar.
• B) The final output of the parsing process.
• C) A set of LR items representing the states of the parser during parsing.
• D) A table used for storing parsing actions.

In the context of canonical collection of LR(1) items, if a non-terminal appears after the placeholder "·" then no further closure is possible.

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

In the grammar "T → a b c d | a b d c", the ____________ is a common prefix for non-terminal 'T'.

• A) c d
• B) a b
• C) a c
• D) b d

If the parsing loop terminates without encountering any errors, then the parsing process is considered as successful.

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

LR(0) parsing is a more powerful parsing technique than LR(1) parsing.

• A) False
• B) True
• C)
• D)

At each step, the ____________ parser looks for a section of the upper frontier that matches right-hand side of some production.

• A) Predictive
• B) LL(1)
• C) Top-down
• D) Shift-Reduce

In Shift-Reduce parser, the handle-recognizing DFA is basically represented as a 2-dimensional table, where ____________ correspond to DFA states.

• A) Cells
• B) Rows
• C) Columns
• D) Captions