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63 result(s)

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Q20

The mass of water H2O is ________.

A) 16 Daltons
B) 18 Daltons
C) 10 Daltons
D) 17 Daltons

AI Explanation

A water molecule (H2O) consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Its molecular mass is approximately 2(1) + 16 = 18 Daltons.

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Q21

In shortgun sequencing technique the genome fragment length is ____.

A) 500 - 700
B) 1000 or above
C) 800 - 1000
D) 200 - 400

AI Explanation

In the described shotgun sequencing approach, genomic DNA is fragmented into relatively small pieces suitable for sequencing and assembly. A commonly cited fragment size range is approximately 500–700 base pairs.

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Q22

Mass spectrophotometer is used for the removal of …………………

A) Protein
B) Ions
C) Fragments
D) None of the above

AI Explanation

A mass spectrometer measures ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. The ionisation and analysis process allows molecular fragments to be detected and characterised based on their mass-to-charge values.

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Q23

Sanger used _____ to digest insulin protein.

A) Protease enzyme
B) Restriction enzyme
C) Sonication
D) Nuclease enzyme

AI Explanation

Sanger used proteolytic enzymes to digest insulin into smaller peptide fragments for sequencing. Proteases cleave peptide bonds, producing fragments that can then be analysed to determine the protein sequence.

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Q24

Which of the following is incorrect regarding Ab Initio–Based Methods?

A) This type of method predicts the secondary structure based on a single query sequence
B) It measures the relative propensity of each amino acid belonging to a certain secondary structure element
C) The propensity scores are derived from known crystal structures
D) This type of method predicts the secondary structure based on a multiple query sequence

AI Explanation

Ab initio methods predict secondary structure from a single amino-acid sequence without requiring homologous sequences. Methods based on multiple query sequences are generally classified as homology or comparative approaches, making this statement incorrect.

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Q25

Most fragment assembly algorithm consists of the ______ steps.

A) Overlap and Layout
B) Overlap, Layout and Consensus
C) Layout and Consensus
D) Overlap and Consensus

AI Explanation

Most fragment assembly algorithms follow three main stages: determining overlaps between fragments, arranging them into a layout, and deriving a consensus sequence. These steps together reconstruct the original genome sequence.

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Q26

If several alanine’s found in the sequence, then it anticipates that a ______ secondary structure may be formed by them.

A) Loops
B) Coils
C) Alpha Helices
D) Beta Sheets

AI Explanation

Alanine has a high propensity to occur in alpha helices. Therefore, several alanine residues in a sequence can indicate a tendency for an alpha-helical secondary structure.

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Q27

Which amino acid form disulphide bridge

A) Glutamine
B) Proline
C) Alanine
D) Cysteine

AI Explanation

Cysteine residues can form disulphide bridges when the sulfur-containing side chains of two cysteines are oxidised. These covalent bonds help stabilise protein structure.

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Q28

Tyrosine (Tyr) is most likely to found in ______.

A) Turns
B) Helices
C) Coils
D) Beta Sheets

AI Explanation

Tyrosine has a relatively high propensity to occur in beta-sheet structures. Its aromatic side chain can participate in hydrophobic interactions that contribute to protein structure.

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Q29

The mass of ammonia is NH3 _______.

A) 18 Daltons
B) 16 Daltons
C) 19 Daltons
D) 17 Daltons

AI Explanation

Ammonia (NH3) contains one nitrogen atom with an atomic mass of about 14 Daltons and three hydrogen atoms totalling about 3 Daltons. Thus, its molecular mass is approximately 17 Daltons.

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Q30

The first step is to predict secondary structure from …………..

A) RNA
B) Primary
C) DNA
D) None of the above

AI Explanation

Protein secondary structure is predicted from the primary amino acid sequence. The primary sequence determines the local structural tendencies that lead to structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

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Q31

Alu fragment is ……………… bp long repeated fragment

A) 800
B) 300
C) 500
D) 400

AI Explanation

An Alu element is a short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) of approximately 300 base pairs in length. Alu sequences are highly repeated throughout the human genome.

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Q32

which algorithm is used for finding the shortest superstring of a substring/read of genome?

A) Superstring Problem Algorithm
B) Shortest Superstring Problem Algorithm
C) String finding Algorithm
D) Shortest read Algorithm

AI Explanation

The Shortest Superstring Problem addresses how to reconstruct a shortest sequence containing all given reads or substrings. It is relevant to genome assembly because overlapping sequencing reads can be combined into a larger sequence.

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Q33

In smith and waterman algorithm the initial matrix is created with _____ columns and _____ rows.

A) M+1 and N+1
B) M+1 and N
C) M and N+1
D) M and N

AI Explanation

The Smith-Waterman dynamic programming matrix includes an initial row and column for the empty prefixes of the two sequences. Therefore, for sequences of lengths M and N, the matrix has M+1 columns and N+1 rows.

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Q34

Which of the following is un true regarding Chou–Fasman methods?

A) First-generation method
B) Developed in the 1970s,
C) Suffer from the fact that the prediction rules are somewhat arbitrary
D) Based on single sequence statistics with clear relation to known protein-folding theories

AI Explanation

The Chou-Fasman method is a first-generation prediction method developed in the 1970s and is based largely on statistical propensities from known protein structures. It does not have a clear direct relationship to established protein-folding theories, making this statement untrue.

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Q35

The most frequent N-terminal ions of peptide are called _____.

A) b-ions
B) y-ions
C) a-ions
D) z-ions

AI Explanation

In peptide mass spectrometry, b-ions are the characteristic N-terminal fragment ions. They retain the N-terminal portion of the peptide after fragmentation.

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Q36

Find the lexicographic order of {TAT, ATG, TGG, GGT, GTG, TGC}.

A) TAT, TGC, TGG, GTG, GGT, ATG
B) ATG, GTG, TAT, GGT, TGC, TGG
C) ATG, GGT, GTG, TAT, TGC, TGG
D) TGG, TGC, TAT, GTG, GGT, ATG

AI Explanation

Lexicographic ordering arranges strings according to alphabetical order of their characters. Using A < G < T, the sequences sort as ATG, GGT, GTG, TAT, TGC, TGG.

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Q37

The first step of Needleman-wunsch algorithm is to ______.

A) Matrix filling with the appropriate scores
B) Traceback the sequences for a suitable alignment
C) Initialization of matrix with gap penalty
D) Initialization of a matrix with zero’s

AI Explanation

The Needleman-Wunsch algorithm begins by initializing the dynamic programming matrix, including the first row and column with cumulative gap penalties. The matrix is then filled with alignment scores followed by traceback.

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Q38

Steps of mass spectrometry involves ______.

A) Protein --> Peptide --> small fragmentation --> measure mass
B) Peptide --> small fragmentation --> measure mass
C) Protein --> small fragmentation --> measure mass
D) Small fragmentation --> Peptide --> Proteins --> measure mass

AI Explanation

In mass spectrometry-based peptide sequencing, a peptide is fragmented into smaller ions and their mass-to-charge ratios are measured. These fragment masses provide information about the peptide sequence.

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Q39

BAC stands for …………………..

A) None of the above
B) Bacterial artifact chromosome
C) Blood alcohol concentration
D) Bacterial artificial chromosome

AI Explanation

BAC stands for Bacterial Artificial Chromosome. BACs are cloning vectors derived from bacterial plasmids and are used to maintain relatively large DNA fragments.