Which of the following stain is used as counter stain in spore staining?

• A) Safranin
• B) Copper sulphate
• C) Iodine
• D) Methylene blue

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that transcribes __________.

• A) RNA into DNA
• B) DNA into RNA
• C) dsDNA into RNA
• D) dsRNA into DNA

The first step in the virus replication is___.

• A) Uncoating
• B) Maturation
• C) Attachment
• D) Entry

_____________cell culture can be used for the cultivation of viruses.

• A) Bacterial
• B) Plant
• C) Animal
• D) All options are correct

Antibodies such as IgG and IgM can activate complement which punches holes in the organisms resulting in leakage of the internal contents of microbes killing them.

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

…………. Is permanent residence but do not cause diseases under normal conditions.

• A) Microbiota
• B) Virus
• C) Transient microbiota
• D) Normal microbiota

Retrovirus use ____ enzyme in replication.

• A) DNA dependent RNA polymerase
• B) RNA dependent RNA polymerase
• C) DNA dependent DNA polymerase
• D) RNA dependent DNA polymerase

……………..is present for several days, weeks or months and then disappears.

• A) Microbiota
• B) Transient microbiota
• C) Virus
• D) Normal microbiota

The period of time when disease symptoms subside is called………

• A) Incubation period
• B) Convalescent period
• C) Decline period
• D) Acute period

T- helper cells secrete ____ that activate macrophages.

• A) Cytokines
• B) Antibodies
• C) B-cells
• D) Macrophages

The type of immunity which is present at birth in a human body and is non-specific is called___.

• A) Adaptive immunity
• B) Innate immunity
• C) Acquired immunity
• D) Humoral immunity

The presence of disease within an area, unusually high incidence of a disease is called …………..

• A) Endemic
• B) Incidence
• C) Epidemic
• D) Pandemic

The proteins which are secreted by bacteria, binds and concentrate iron is named as ___.

• A) Hemoglobin
• B) Siderophores
• C)
• D)

Which of the following is the example of inactivated vaccine?

• A) Polio
• B) Influenza
• C) Rabies
• D) All of the given options

…. is a competitive exclusion by Competition for nutrients or by chemicals.

• A) Normal microbiota
• B) Microbial antagonism
• C) Microbial commensalism
• D) Transient microbiota

The number of new and existing cases in a given time period in a population is called___.

• A) Endemic
• B) Pandemic
• C) Incidence
• D) Prevalence

The specific regions on an antigen which acts as a small antigen are called epitopes. They are also known as antigenic determinants.

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

The antiviral proteins which are produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to viral infection is called___.

• A) Interferons
• B) Antibodies
• C) Interleukins
• D) Antigens

___ interferes with anaerobic metabolism and used for giardiasis, amebiasis, trichomoniasis.

• A) Metronidazole
• B) Chloroquine
• C) Albendazole
• D) Praziquantel

Bacitracin is produced by___.

• A) Pseudomonas aeroginosa
• B) Escherichia coli
• C) Streptomyces griseus
• D) Bacillus subtilis