Why has cloning in Streptomyces attracted much interest?

• A) They are used for vaccine production
• B) They grow very fast
• C) They produce a large number of antibiotics
• D) They are non-pathogenic

PCR has facilitated research by enabling:

• A) D. Cell culture techniques Cell culture techniques
• B) Protein purification
• C) Only DNA sequencing
• D) Detection of pathogens in plants, animals, and the environment

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are important in physical mapping because:

• A) They are RNA sequences used for protein coding
• B) They require southern blotting for detection
• C) They are single base-pair positions in genomic DNA with different alleles in a population and serve as key sequence markers
• D) They are large DNA fragments used in RFLP analysis

Gene mapping refers to:

• A) Assigning specific genes to particular regions of a chromosome and determining their relative distances
• B) Studying protein structure
• C) Random amplification of DNA
• D) Sequencing the entire genome

PCR has a major impact in medicine because it is used for:

• A) D. Environmental pollution control only Environmental pollution control only
• B) Protein synthesis only
• C) Studying plant anatomy
• D) Clinical microbiology, disease diagnosis, and prenatal genetic diagnosis

Physical maps are used to:

• A) D. Identify protein structures Identify protein structures
• B) Show the order of genes without distances
• C) Amplify DNA fragments randomly
• D) Give the DNA base pair distances from one landmark to another

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that:

• A) Uses fluorescent probes that bind only to chromosome regions with high sequence complementarity
• B) Uses radioactive probes to bind randomly to DNA
• C) Amplifies RNA instead of DNA
• D) Sequences the entire genome directly

Sequence-tagged sites (STS) are considered more convenient than RFLPs because:

• A) They do not require southern blotting
• B) They require southern blotting
• C) They amplify proteins instead of DNA
• D) They randomly fragment the genome

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) can detect genomic fragments:

• A) Only through protein analysis
• B) Without prior sequence information, similar to RFLP
• C) By sequencing RNA instead of DNA
• D) Only if the DNA sequence is already known

In forensic science, molecular methods are mainly used to:

• A) Diagnose plant diseases
• B) Study plant genetics
• C) Establish personal identification and obtain evidence from minimal biological samples
• D) Analyze environmental pollution

Genetic linkage maps are used to:

• A) Illustrate the order of genes or genetic markers on a chromosome and their relative distances
• B) D. Amplify DNA fragments randomly Amplify DNA fragments randomly
• C) Show the physical structure of proteins
• D) Sequence entire genomes

In genome mapping, a marker can be:

• A) Only a protein
• B) D. Only whole chromosomes Only whole chromosomes
• C) Any identifiable feature of the genome, such as short DNA sequences, regulatory sites, or genes
• D) Only RNA sequences

Molecular paleontology is the study of:

• A) D. Environmental DNA from living organisms Environmental DNA from living organisms
• B) DNA and proteins recovered from ancient human, animal, and plant remains
• C) Fossils based only on physical structure
• D) Modern genetic engineering techniques

RFLPs can be used in physical mapping because:

• A) They sequence entire genomes randomly
• B) D. They identify protein structures They identify protein structures
• C) They amplify RNA sequences
• D) They exploit variations in homologous DNA sequences, and DNA probes targeting RFLPs can be used for mapping

Chromosomal maps of bacteria can be obtained by combining which of the following techniques?

• A) D. Protein electrophoresis Protein electrophoresis
• B) Random DNA sequencing
• C) Interrupted mating, recombination mapping, transformation, and transduction
• D) Only PCR

Which of the following is true about mitochondrial genomes?

• A) They have identical structure in all organisms
• B) They contain no genes
• C) They show great structural diversity and gene transfer with nuclear DNA
• D) They are completely independent of nuclear DNA

A gene knock-out refers to:

• A) Making a specific gene inoperative
• B) Sequencing a gene
• C) Replacing a gene with another gene
• D) Increasing gene expression

Shotgun sequencing is a method in which:

• A) Only short DNA strands are sequenced
• B) Long DNA strands are broken into smaller fragments, sequenced individually, and then reassembled
• C) DNA is sequenced without breaking it
• D) DNA sequencing is done manually

High-throughput sequencing mainly refers to:

• A) Modern sequencing technologies that rapidly sequence genomes at lower cost
• B) Sequencing without using machines
• C) Old and slow DNA sequencing methods
• D) Sequencing only RNA molecules

Spotted DNA arrays are produced by:

• A) Sequencing DNA directly
• B) Mixing DNA with proteins
• C) Printing DNA samples on treated microscope slides
• D) Cutting DNA with enzymes