What is the significance of billions of years of activity by living organisms on Earth?

• A) Shaped the current environment
• B) Caused volcanic eruptions
• C) Stopped evolution
• D) Made Earth colder

What type of change is common after species invasion?

• A) Geological
• B) No change at all
• C) Rapid evolutionary change
• D) Climatic only

Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?

• A) Plants and algae
• B) Animals and fungi
• C) Protists and viruses
• D) Bacteria and archaea

What type of evidence supports the theory of evolution based on internal organ structure?

• A) Geological evidence
• B) Environmental evidence
• C) Anatomical evidence
• D) Behavioral evidence

Which scenario is most likely to lead to speciation over time?

• A) Introduction of dominant alleles to a large population
• B) Migration of a few individuals followed by inbreeding
• C) Mutation of recessive alleles
• D) A stable population with high diversity

Fixation in terms of genetic drift means:

• A) Mutation of all alleles
• B) Inheritance of two alleles
• C) An allele becomes the only one present at a locus
• D) Dominance of all genotypes

What are the two main effects associated with genetic drift?

• A) Mutation and Selection
• B) Founder effect and bottleneck effect
• C) Natural selection and adaptation
• D) Speciation and mutation

What is the main element used in radiometric dating besides carbon?

• A) Nitrogen
• B) Potassium
• C) Oxygen
• D) Sulphur

What does the Hardy-Weinberg theorem primarily state?

• A) Dominant alleles increase over time
• B) Mutations are random events
• C) Genotype changes occur in every generation
• D) Allele frequencies remain constant across generations in the absence of evolutionary forces

Natural selection is limited because it acts on:

• A) Phenotypes of individuals
• B) Codominant alleles
• C) DNA sequences directly
• D) Environment only

What was one major characteristic of Earth’s early atmosphere?

• A) It was covered with forests
• B) It was rich in oxygen
• C) It supported complex life
• D) It lacked oxygen

What did the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrate?

• A) Oxygen is needed to create amino acids
• B) DNA can be created from rocks
• C) Organic compounds can form under early Earth conditions
• D) Hydrothermal vents were unimportant

Fossils show that:

• A) Life on Earth was different in the past
• B) Life has always existed in its present form
• C) Evolution only affects plants
• D) Extinct organisms had no relation to modern ones

Which method is considered the gold standard for determining allele frequency?

• A) Genotyping approach
• B) Phenotypic observation
• C) DNA fingerprinting
• D) PCR only

How does natural selection affect allele frequencies in a population?

• A) It only increases harmful alleles
• B) It removes all alleles
• C) It increases the frequency of beneficial alleles
• D) It ensures all alleles are equally common

What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

• A) Ecosystem structure
• B) A food chain
• C) Geographical distribution
• D) Evolutionary relationships

What is convergent evolution?

• A) Independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated species
• B) Similar evolution in genetically identical species
• C) Evolution of dissimilar traits in similar environments
• D) Evolution from a common ancestor

In a heterozygous genotype (2pq), which allele dominates the phenotype if p is dominant and q is recessive?

• A) Both alleles
• B) Neither allele
• C) q allele
• D) p allele

Why can chromosomal mutations affect two chromosomes in translocation?

• A) They separate completely
• B) Mutation is neutral
• C) One loses and one gains a segment
• D) One becomes smaller

The forelimbs of a human, bird, whale, and dog are examples of:

• A) Homologous structures
• B) Degenerate organs
• C) Convergent features
• D) Homoplastic structures