In a tree structure, what is the top node called?

• A) Parent node
• B) Terminal node
• C) Leaf node
• D) Root node

Changes in the database schema for a single user involve modifying the overall schema and the subschemas of __________ users involved in the change.

• A) other
• B) all
• C) selected
• D) new

Why is a stack considered a LIFO structure?

• A) Entries are removed in the reverse order of storage
• B) Entries are removed from the base
• C) Entries are removed from the middle
• D) Entries are removed in the order they were stored

The problem known as the ____________ can arise if one transaction is in the middle of transferring funds from one account to another when another transaction tries to compute the total deposits in the bank.

• A) potential problem
• B) incorrect summary problem
• C) time sharing
• D) lost update problem

How does a program counter function as a pointer?

• A) It holds the address of the next instruction
• B) It updates the value of data items
• C) It stores numeric values
• D) It decode data in memory cells

Large, multiuser, commercial database systems have __________ stakes compared to personal use systems.

• A) Higher
• B) Lower
• C) Identical
• D) Comparable

_________ is exemplified by two transactions, each of which makes a deduction from the same account.

• A) Potential problem
• B) Lost update problem
• C) Time sharing
• D) Incorrect summary problem

Object-oriented databases allow the entire software system to be designed in the __________ paradigm.

• A) object-oriented
• B) imperative
• C) procedural
• D) relational

Shared access to a data item means that ___________.

• A) Multiple transactions can view the data
• B) Only one transaction can modify the data
• C) Multiple transactions can modify the data
• D) Only one transaction can view the data

Retrieving a list of job titles in a specific department involves selecting tuples based on the __________ attribute.

• A) Department
• B) Employee ID
• C) Job title
• D) Relation

The relational model portrays data as being stored in tables called ________.

• A) Relations
• B) Graphs
• C) Entities
• D) Records

Database systems emerged as a means of ___________ the information stored in organizations.

• A) Restricting
• B) Separating
• C) Integrating
• D) Duplicating

How are fields in an aggregate type usually accessed?

• A) Row and column numbers
• B) Field names
• C) Numerical index numbers
• D) Pairs of indices

What is the beginning of a list called?

• A) Base
• B) Top
• C) Tail
• D) Head

In a database, information is accessible from ___________.

• A) Limited viewpoints
• B) A single dimension
• C) One perspective only
• D) A variety of perspectives

In a two-dimensional array, how are positions identified?

• A) Numerical index numbers
• B) Pairs of indices
• C) Field names
• D) same sizes of entries

The protocol that ensures older transactions are given priority when accessing locked items is called the ___________ protocol.

• A) Priority inversion
• B) Deadlock avoidance
• C) Young-Old transaction
• D) Wound wait

When using PROJECT, if multiple columns are required, they are specified __________.

• A) Using quotation marks
• B) Using brackets
• C) Using a comma
• D) Separately

What does a primitive data type in programming languages allow for?

• A) Storing aggregate data
• B) Deallocating memory cells for new data
• C) Declaration, allocation, and manipulation of data
• D) Initializing objects for a class

The naming convention used in JOIN operations ensures __________ for attributes in the new relation.

• A) Redundancy
• B) Uniqueness
• C) Similarity
• D) Irrelevance