MCQ Bank

In VDM-SL, the basic type 'char' represents individual character values. These are alphanumeric characters and other valid character symbols, not numeric data types.

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To define constants in VDM-SL, ______________ keyword is used.

A) inv
B) values
C) init
D) types

AI Explanation

The 'values' keyword in VDM-SL is used to define named constants. These constants are fixed throughout the specification and cannot be modified.

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Constant is something that is not essential to any specification, but can greatly enhance its ______________.

A) scalability
B) usability
C) readability
D) maintainability

AI Explanation

Constants are not essential for expressing a specification, but they make it easier to understand. By replacing literal values with meaningful names, they significantly improve readability.

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An argument is an assertion that a given set of propositions P1, P2,...,Pn, called …..

A) Solution
B) Conclusion
C) Premises
D) Contradictions

AI Explanation

In logic, an argument consists of propositions known as premises that support a conclusion. The conclusion is inferred from these premises.

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A function is a set of ____________ from one set to another.

A) logical operators
B) alphabets
C) assignments
D) integers

AI Explanation

A function is a mapping that assigns each element of one set to exactly one element of another set. Therefore, it can be described as a set of assignments from one set to another.

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Z represents:

A) real numbers
B) natural numbers
C) integers
D) boolean values

AI Explanation

In VDM-SL and standard mathematical notation, Z denotes the set of all integers, including negative numbers, zero, and positive numbers. It is distinct from natural numbers and real numbers.

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_____ refers to the opposite of what was originally stated?

A) Negation
B) Implication
C) Disjunction
D) Conjunction

AI Explanation

Negation is the logical operation that reverses the truth value of a proposition. If a statement is true, its negation is false, and vice versa.

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In VDM-SL, the state refers to the _______________ data that must be stored by the system.

A) complex
B) temporary
C) partial
D) permanent

AI Explanation

In VDM-SL, the state represents the permanent data maintained by the system throughout its execution. Temporary data is typically handled within operations rather than the system state.

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The invariant definition uses the keyword _______________.

A) init
B) invar
C) types
D) inv

AI Explanation

The 'inv' keyword is used in VDM-SL to define invariants. An invariant specifies conditions that must always hold true for a type or state.

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p → q is logically equivalent to ________

A) ¬p ∧ q
B) ¬p ∨ ¬q
C) p ∨ ¬q
D) ¬p ∨ q

AI Explanation

The implication p → q is logically equivalent to ¬p ∨ q. This equivalence is a fundamental rule in propositional logic and is commonly verified using a truth table.

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Q10

The purpose of ______________ function is to check whether an integer value, val, is within the range MIN and MAX as defined earlier.

A) atRange
B) ofRange
C) inRange
D) onRange

AI Explanation

The inRange function is commonly used in VDM-SL examples to verify whether an integer value lies between predefined MIN and MAX limits. It returns a Boolean result indicating whether the value is within the specified range.

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Q11

The truth table contains only T in the ____ column in tautology?

A) Middle
B) Second
C) Final
D) Initial

AI Explanation

A tautology is a proposition that evaluates to true for every possible combination of truth values. Therefore, the final column of its truth table contains only T values.

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Q12

Which sign is used for commenting in VDM-SL?

A) //
B) --
C) ==
D) ##

AI Explanation

In VDM-SL, comments begin with two hyphens (--). Everything following the double hyphen on the same line is treated as a comment.

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Q13

Which one is not the component of a complete VDM-SL specification?

A) Functions
B) Libraries
C) State definition
D) Declaration of constants

AI Explanation

A complete VDM-SL specification typically includes type definitions, constants, functions, operations, and state definitions. Libraries are not considered a core component of the specification itself.

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Q14

R represents:

A) real numbers
B) natural numbers
C) integers
D) characters

AI Explanation

In standard mathematical notation and VDM-SL, R denotes the set of real numbers. This set includes both rational and irrational numbers.

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Q15

The universal quantifier denoted by ---------

A) ∈
B) ∧
C) ∀
D) ~

AI Explanation

The symbol ∀ denotes the universal quantifier, meaning 'for all.' It is used in predicate logic to state that a property holds for every element in a given domain.

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Q16

It is common in the programming world for a ________________ to be undefined.

A) formula
B) diagram
C) equation
D) value

AI Explanation

In programming, it is common for a value to be undefined, such as an uninitialized variable or the result of an invalid operation. Many specification languages also explicitly model undefined values.

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Q17

A quote type defines a single value, and at the same time defines a ____________ containing just that value.

A) function
B) constant
C) type
D) formula

AI Explanation

In VDM-SL, a quote type defines a single named value while simultaneously defining a type that contains only that value. Quote types are useful for representing symbolic constants.

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Q18

A new __________ ends the comment in VDM-SL.

A) backward slash
B) line
C) value
D) pointer

AI Explanation

VDM-SL uses '--' for single-line comments. The comment continues until the end of the current line, so a new line ends the comment.

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Q19

In the system of logic, a proposition could have the value TRUE, FALSE or ……….

A) Fallacy
B) Undefined
C) Conditional
D) Negative

AI Explanation

In formal specification and three-valued logic contexts, a proposition may evaluate to TRUE, FALSE, or Undefined. The Undefined value represents cases where the truth value cannot be determined.