The canonical collection is used to generate which of the following parsing tables?

• A) Action and goto tables
• B) Production and symbol tables
• C) First and follow tables
• D) Closure and reduction tables

LR parsers are commonly used for:

• A) Syntax analysis
• B) Lexical analysis
• C) Code generation
• D) Register Allocation

Which direction does a bottom-up parser use to build the parse tree?

• A) From the root to the leaves.
• B) From the right to the left.
• C) From the left to the right.
• D) From the leaves to the root.

The augmented grammar is particularly important in which parsing algorithm?

• A) Top-down parsing.
• B) Recursive descent parsing.
• C) LL(1) parsing.
• D) LR(1) parsing.

What should be added to the LL(1) parsing table entry M[A, a] during the construction process?

• A) The FIRST set of A.
• B) The FOLLOW set of A.
• C) The production rule A → α.
• D) The non-terminal A.

In the LR item [S' → •S, $], the "S" represents a non-terminal symbol in the grammar.

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

What is the main characteristic of linear IRs?

• A) They represent the program as a linear sequence of instructions or statements.
• B) They represent the program as a graph.
• C) They combine elements of graphical and linear representations.
• D) They allow for complex program structures and sophisticated analyses.

The size of an LR(1) parsing table can be calculated by multiplying the number of ___________ with the number of symbols.

• A) Rules
• B) Terminals
• C) Actions
• D) States

In attribute grammars, an attribute (e.g., val) of a symbol (e.g., B) can be written as ____________.

• A) val.B
• B) val@B
• C) B@val
• D) B.val

In YACC, what does the notation $2 refer to?

• A) The first symbol on the left-hand side of a production
• B) The second symbol on the right-hand side of a production
• C) The first symbol on the right-hand side of a production
• D) The second symbol on the left-hand side of a production

Why have LALR(1) grammars become a standard for parser generators?

• A) They offer better performance than other grammars.
• B) They are compatible with natural languages.
• C) They have widespread adoption and support for programming languages.
• D) They allow for automatic code generation.

What is the purpose of the $3 notation in YACC?

• A) To refer to the third symbol on the right-hand side of a production
• B) To refer to the first symbol on the right-hand side of a production
• C) To refer to the second symbol on the right-hand side of a production
• D) To refer to the fourth symbol on the right-hand side of a production

Compared to LR(1), LALR(1) parsing tables typically have:

• A) No states
• B) Less states
• C) Same states
• D) More states

Which section in a YACC specification file contains the "grammar rules"?

• A) First Section
• B) Fourth Section
• C) Third Section
• D) Second Section

Why is a topological sort necessary in the dynamic method of attribute grammar evaluation?

• A) It simplifies the construction of the parse tree.
• B) It ensures that attribute dependencies are resolved correctly.
• C) It guarantees efficient attribute computation.
• D) It eliminates circular dependencies.

What does the notation $$ refer to in YACC?

• A) The symbol on the right-hand side of the production
• B) The symbol on the down-hand side of the production
• C) The symbol on the left-hand side of the production
• D) The symbol on the up-hand side of the production

What is the purpose of using an intermediate representation (IR) in a compiler?

• A) To eliminate the need for multiple passes in the compilation process.
• B) To directly translate high-level code into machine code.
• C) To provide a structured and uniform representation for code analysis and transformation.
• D) To simplify the debugging process for the compiled code.

In attribute grammars, when the parse tree is peeled away, we get the attribute independence graph

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

What is the advantage of adopting YACC notation in the ad-hoc scheme for semantic analysis?

• A) It provides a standardized approach for attribute handling.
• B) It simplifies the attribute dependency analysis process.
• C) It guarantees efficient attribute propagation.
• D) It ensures compatibility with existing parsing tools.

Which category of intermediate representation (IR) represents the program as a graph?

• A) Linear IRs
• B) Hybrid IRs
• C) Sequential IRs
• D) Graphical IRs