MCQ Bank

After applying _________________method, the embryos with the transgene are cultured in vitro up to the morula stage and then transferred to pseudopregnant foster mothers.

A) Retrovirus mediated gene transfer
B) Microinjection
C) Embryonic stem cell -mediated transfer
D) All of the given

AI Explanation

In the microinjection method, the transgene is directly introduced into the fertilized egg or early embryo. The embryos are then cultured in vitro to the morula stage before being transferred into pseudopregnant foster mothers.

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Q81

The autologous cell transplantation is basically refers to

A) Same individual transplantation
B) Transplantation from a different species
C) Same species transplantation
D) Syngeneic transplantation

AI Explanation

Autologous transplantation involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another within the same individual. Because the donor and recipient are the same person, immune rejection is greatly reduced.

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Q82

Transgene is introduced into the organism, using_________________

A) FISH
B) Recombinant DNA technology
C) PCR
D) Microarray

AI Explanation

Transgenes are introduced into organisms using recombinant DNA technology, which allows a desired gene to be inserted into a suitable vector or construct. The resulting DNA can then be introduced into host cells or embryos.

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Q83

Which is the first biotechnology product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

A) Recombinant human Blood clotting factor VIII
B) Recombinant human Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
C) Recombinant human insulin
D) Recombinant human Growth hormone

AI Explanation

Recombinant human insulin was the first biotechnology-derived pharmaceutical approved by the U.S. FDA, in 1982. It was produced using genetically engineered microorganisms carrying the human insulin gene.

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Q84

Which exogenous DNA was introduced into the first transgenic mice created?

A) Lambda
B) Agrobacterium
C) M13
D) SV40

AI Explanation

SV40 DNA was among the first foreign DNA sequences introduced into mouse embryos to create transgenic mice. This work demonstrated that introduced genetic material could be incorporated and expressed in mammalian animals.

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Q85

It has been reported that the majority of therapeutic proteins are recombinant human proteins manufactured using _________________________that are engineered to express certain human genetic sequences to produce precise proteins of human use.

A) Virus cell lines
B) Human cell lines
C) Bacterial cell lines
D) Nonhuman mammalian cell lines

AI Explanation

Many therapeutic recombinant proteins are produced in engineered nonhuman mammalian cell lines, such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. These cells can express human genes and produce complex proteins with appropriate folding and post-translational modifications.

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Q86

During Sperm-mediated transgenesis, DNA binds to the sperm’s ________________through specific DNA-binding proteins. After internalization, they are carried into the oocyte upon fertilization.

A) Mitochondrial membrane
B) Plasma membrane
C) Nuclear membrane
D) All of the given

AI Explanation

During sperm-mediated transgenesis, foreign DNA can bind to the sperm plasma membrane through DNA-binding proteins. The DNA is then internalized and carried into the oocyte during fertilization.

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Q87

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for autologous transplantation can be easily and quickly isolated from a ________________________ source.

A) Bone marrow
B) Nerve cells
C) Fat
D) Embryo

AI Explanation

Human mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated relatively readily from bone marrow for autologous transplantation. Bone marrow is a well-established source of MSCs used in regenerative medicine research.

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Q88

The cells from sheep can be used in human is example of_____________

A) Allogeneic cells transplantation
B) Isogeneic cells transplantation
C) Xenogeneic cells transplantation
D) Autogeneic cells transplantation

AI Explanation

Xenogeneic transplantation involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs between different species. Sheep cells used in a human therefore represent xenogeneic transplantation.

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Q89

____________________has facilitated the ability to make transgenic animals by circumventing most of the shortcomings of other transgenic techniques.

A) Somatic cell nuclear transfer
B) Embryonic stem cell mediated transgenesis
C) Sperm-mediated transgenesis
D) Pronuclear Microinjection

AI Explanation

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enables the creation of genetically modified animals by transferring a modified somatic-cell nucleus into an enucleated oocyte. This approach can overcome several limitations associated with conventional transgenic techniques.

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Q90

The success of organ transplantation is measured by _________and patient survival. Over 80% of kidney patients and 65% of their grafts survive for _____________years.

A) Organ, five
B) Antibodies, three
C) Monoclonal antibodies, five
D) Autoantibodies, three

AI Explanation

The success of organ transplantation is evaluated by organ and graft function as well as patient survival. The stated figures indicate that over 80% of kidney patients and about 65% of their grafts survive for five years.

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Q91

Pigs seem to meet most of the requirements for an ideal animal donor because:

A) They can be maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions
B) All of the given
C) They are prolific
D) They are anatomically and physiologically similar to humans with organs of appropriate size

AI Explanation

Pigs are considered suitable potential organ donors because they are prolific, can be maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions, and have organs that are anatomically and physiologically similar to humans. Their organs are also generally of an appropriate size for human transplantation.

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Q92

The Immunoglobulin class that can cross placental barrier is_____________

A) IgG
B) IgD
C) IgA
D) IgE

AI Explanation

IgG is the only major immunoglobulin class that can cross the placenta. Maternal IgG provides passive immunity to the developing fetus and newborn during the early period of life.

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Q93

A few shortcomings or disadvantages in the autologous cell transplantation as _______________________________

A) The availability of required cells to be transplanted are found in very low in numbers
B) All of the given
C) The genetic disease-suitable autologous cells are not available
D) The older patients do not have sufficient numbers of autologous cells to be used for cell transplantation

AI Explanation

Autologous cell transplantation can be limited by the availability and quantity of suitable cells. Genetic diseases may also make a patient's own cells unsuitable, and older patients may have fewer viable cells available for transplantation.

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Q94

The life cycle of E. coli is only about____________, there is no problem in generating a million copies of E. coli in a short period of time to be used for inducing insulin production

A) 20 min
B) 50 min
C) 30 min
D) 40 min

AI Explanation

E. coli can reproduce very rapidly under favourable laboratory conditions, with a generation time of approximately 20 minutes. This rapid growth makes it possible to generate large numbers of cells in a relatively short time for recombinant protein production.

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Q95

__________________ is also the hallmark of AIDS, caused by HIV.

A) Immunodeficiency
B) Hypersensitivities
C) All of the given
D) Autoimmunity

AI Explanation

AIDS is characterised by severe immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection and progressive destruction of CD4-positive T cells. This weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections.

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Q96

In recent years, methods to transplant just a part of a ______________have succeeded because it can repair and regenerate itself.

A) Kidney
B) Liver
C) Lungs
D) Heart

AI Explanation

The liver has a remarkable ability to regenerate after tissue loss. Therefore, living-donor liver transplantation can use only a portion of a healthy donor's liver.

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Q97

T cells recognize a pathogen only after antigens are processed and presented in combination with____________________

A) MHC molecule
B) Antibodies
C) Mast cells
D) B-cells

AI Explanation

T cells recognise antigen fragments only when they are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This MHC-antigen complex is recognised by the T-cell receptor.

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Q98

Helper T cells function by_______________

A) Secreting antibodies
B) Secreting interferons
C) Secreting cytokines
D) Secreting chemokines

AI Explanation

Helper T cells coordinate immune responses primarily by secreting cytokines. These signalling molecules activate and regulate other immune cells, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

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Q99

In medicine the transgenic animals may serve as disease models, knockouts for studies related to

A) Pharmaceutical production
B) Quality trait improvement
C) All of the given
D) Gene function

AI Explanation

Transgenic animals can be used as disease models and as knockout animals to investigate the functions of specific genes. They can also have applications in pharmaceutical production, but gene function is the focus of knockout studies.