MCQ Bank

Secondary data collected at different times may use different definitions, classifications, or measurement methods. Adjusting the data for comparability over time is therefore an important reliability and validity consideration.

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Q81

A_____________________ is the summary description of a given variable in a population

A) Unit of data collection
B) Observation unit
C) Statistic
D) Parameter

AI Explanation

A parameter is a numerical summary describing a characteristic of a population. A statistic, in contrast, describes a characteristic of a sample.

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Q82

It is the opposite of Discriminant Validity

A) Divergent validity
B) Test-retest Reliability
C) Convergent Validity
D) Discriminant Validity

AI Explanation

Convergent validity is generally considered the opposite or complementary concept to discriminant validity. It examines whether measures intended to assess the same construct are strongly related.

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Q83

In the conclusions section of an industry-based case study, the recommended action plan is fully analyzed in terms of its:

A) viability
B) feasibility
C) benefit to the company
D) viability, feasibility, and benefit to the company

AI Explanation

An industry-based case study should evaluate a recommended action plan comprehensively. This includes assessing whether it is viable, feasible to implement, and beneficial to the company.

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Q84

_____________ is considered as a basic and very minimum index of content validity

A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Criterion-related validity
D) Face validity

AI Explanation

Face validity is often considered a basic and minimum form of content validity. It concerns whether a measure appears, on its surface, to assess the intended construct.

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Q85

The scientific requirements of a project call for the operational requirements to be ___________

A) Analytical
B) Practical
C) Theoratical
D) Hypothetical

AI Explanation

The scientific requirements of a project should be translated into operational requirements that can be practically implemented. Practical requirements ensure that the research procedures can be carried out effectively.

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Q86

The great strength of the survey as a primary data collecting approach is its ___________

A) Versatility
B) Hypothesis
C) Data
D) Methodology

AI Explanation

The great strength of surveys as a primary data collection method is their versatility. Surveys can collect many types of information from diverse respondents using different question formats.

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Q87

__________ allows researchers to reach a large audience, to personalize individual messages

A) Electronic interactive media
B) All of Above
C) Non-Interactive Media Non- Electronic interactive media
D) Non-Interactive Media

AI Explanation

Electronic interactive media allow researchers to reach large audiences while also personalizing messages for individual respondents. Examples include online surveys and other interactive digital communication methods.

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Q88

The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is

A) Economical, without bias, and error-free
B) Economical and error-free
C) Economical
D) Error free

AI Explanation

Reliability indicates the consistency and dependability of a measurement, meaning it is relatively free from random measurement error. A reliable instrument should produce stable results under similar conditions.

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Q89

In ______________, one experimental group and one control group can be given the both pretest and the posttest and other two groups will be given only the posttest.

A) Pretest and Posttest Experimental and Control Group Design
B) One Group Pretest-posttest Design
C) Two Groups Posttest-only Design
D) Solomon’s Four Group Design

AI Explanation

Solomon’s Four Group Design uses four groups to assess both treatment effects and possible pretest effects. Two groups receive both pretests and posttests, while the other two receive only posttests.

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Q90

The use of __________ implies a statement of “greater than” or “less than” without stating how much greater or less

A) Ordinal scales
B) Nominal scales
C) Interval Scale
D) Ratio Scale

AI Explanation

Ordinal scales indicate the relative order or ranking of categories, such as greater than or less than, without specifying the exact amount of difference. They show order but do not establish equal intervals between values.

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Q91

From the perspective of purpose of the study, a research can be

A) Explanatory
B) Exploratory
C) Descriptive
D) All of Them

AI Explanation

From the perspective of purpose, research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. Each type serves a different purpose in understanding a research problem.

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Q92

Which one is not type of non-probability sampling?

A) Convenience Sampling
B) Purposive Sampling
C) Random sampling
D) Quota Sampling

AI Explanation

Random sampling is a probability sampling method because each population element has a known chance of selection. Convenience, purposive, and quota sampling are non-probability methods.

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Q93

___________ have the power of nominal and ordinal scales plus one additional strength

A) Ordinal scales
B) Ratio Scale
C) Nominal scales
D) Interval Scale

AI Explanation

Interval scales have the properties of nominal and ordinal scales plus the additional strength of equal intervals between values. However, they do not have a true absolute zero.

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Q94

Indexes are often measured at the __________ level.

A) None of above
B) Interval
C) Ratio or Interval
D) Ratio

AI Explanation

Indexes are composite measures formed from multiple indicators and are commonly treated as interval-level or, in some cases, ratio-level measures. The exact level depends on how the index is constructed and interpreted.

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Q95

When it appears evident to experts that the measure provides adequate coverage of the concept, a measure has _________.

A) Face validity
B) Construct validity
C) Content validity
D) Criterion-related validity

AI Explanation

Content validity refers to how adequately a measure covers the full concept or construct it is intended to measure. Experts typically assess whether the measure includes the relevant dimensions of the concept.

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Q96

Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are referred to as _________________

A) Shopping intercept interviews
B) Mall intercept interviews
C) Market intercept interviews
D) Mass intercept interviews

AI Explanation

Personal interviews conducted with shoppers in shopping malls are commonly called mall intercept interviews. Researchers approach and interview respondents at the shopping location.

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Q97

Quantitative research produces -------------

A) hard data
B) soft data
C) both types of data
D) no type of data

AI Explanation

Quantitative research primarily produces hard data in numerical form. These data can be measured, counted, and statistically analysed.

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Q98

When responses on two comparable sets of measures tapping the same construct are highly correlated, it is called as

A) Parallel-form reliability
B) Discriminant Validity
C) Convergent Validity77
D) Test-retest Reliability

AI Explanation

Parallel-form reliability is assessed by comparing two comparable forms or sets of measures designed to tap the same construct. A high correlation between them indicates strong reliability.

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Q99

The type of research that entails observation of events in natural settings and the direct involvement of the researcher is ……………….

A) Survey
B) Field research
C) Case study
D) Ethno-methodology

AI Explanation

Field research involves observing events in natural settings and often includes direct involvement by the researcher. It is commonly used to understand behaviour and social processes in their real-world context.