MCQ Bank

Scientists have chemically synthesized DNA sequences for two chains, A and B, of insulin and separately inserted into __________plasmids by the side of _______________gene

A) Two pBR322, β-galactosidase
B) One pBR322, Luciferase
C) Three pBR322, Green fluorescent protein(GFP)
D) Four pBR322, β-galactosidase

AI Explanation

In an early recombinant insulin production strategy, synthetic DNA sequences for the A and B chains were separately inserted into two pBR322 plasmids. The sequences were linked alongside the β-galactosidase gene to facilitate expression of the insulin chains.

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Q124

The basic principle behind blood clotting is that ____________ catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, which is done by cleaving the single-chain plasminogen into two chains.

A) Human growth hormone
B) Tissue plasminogen activator
C) Erythropoietin
D) Blood clotting factor VIII

AI Explanation

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) catalyses the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. Plasmin then breaks down fibrin, the structural component of blood clots, enabling fibrinolysis.

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Q125

Which vaccine is developed by Louis Pasteur?

A) Salk vaccine
B) Herpes simplex vaccine
C) Sabin vaccine
D) Rabies vaccine

AI Explanation

Louis Pasteur developed the first successful rabies vaccine in the 1880s. His work demonstrated that weakened infectious agents could be used to induce protective immunity.

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Q126

Researcher ________________was the most successful developer of vaccines in the twentieth century.

A) Frederick Sanger
B) Maurice Hilleman
C) Edward Jenner
D) Louis Pasteur

AI Explanation

Maurice Hilleman was one of the most prolific vaccine developers of the twentieth century. He contributed to the development of numerous important vaccines that protect against major infectious diseases.

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Q127

The erythropoietin EPO plays an important role in____________________

A) The wound healing process
B) None of the given
C) Neuronal injury
D) Red blood cell production

AI Explanation

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that primarily regulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. It stimulates the survival and maturation of erythroid precursor cells.

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Q128

Maurice Hilleman was the most successful developer of _______________in the twentieth century.

A) Antibodies
B) Monoclonal antibodies
C) Insulin
D) Vaccines

AI Explanation

Maurice Hilleman was renowned for developing and contributing to numerous vaccines during the twentieth century. His work helped create vaccines against diseases including measles, mumps, hepatitis B, and others.

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Q129

Which of one is not found in the DTP vaccine?

A) Diphtheria toxoid vaccine
B) Rabies toxoid vaccine
C) Pertussis toxoid vaccine
D) Tetanus toxoid vaccine

AI Explanation

DTP stands for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, so the vaccine contains components targeting these three diseases. Rabies vaccine is not a component of the DTP vaccine.

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Q130

_________________is a peptide hormone consisting of 51 amino acids. It is secreted by β cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas

A) Growth hormone
B) Insulin
C) Blood clotting factor VIII
D) Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

AI Explanation

Insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of 51 amino acids and is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It plays a central role in regulating blood glucose levels.

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Q131

DNA vaccines consist of _________________engineered to contain a protein-encoding gene and all the necessary requisites

A) Chloroplasts
B) Mitochondria
C) Liposomes
D) Plasmids

AI Explanation

DNA vaccines use plasmids engineered to carry a gene encoding the desired antigen along with the necessary regulatory sequences. After administration, host cells can express the antigen and stimulate an immune response.

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Q132

This might be one of the disadvantages of inactivated vaccine:

A) Risk of reversion to a pathogenic form
B) High immune reactions
C) Requirement of boosters
D) All of the given

AI Explanation

Inactivated vaccines cannot replicate in the host, so their immune response may be less durable than that produced by live attenuated vaccines. Consequently, booster doses are often required to maintain protective immunity.

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Q133

Due to problem of __________________in attenuated vaccines, the live virus/bacteria were inactivated by heat or chemical treatment.

A) Requirement of boosters
B) High immune reactions
C) All of the given
D) Reversion of pathogenic agent

AI Explanation

Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened organisms that can, in rare cases, potentially revert toward a more pathogenic form. This concern led to the development and use of inactivated vaccines, in which the organism is killed by heat or chemical treatment.

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Q134

Which vaccines have not been produced by using component vaccine method?

A) Pneumococcal con¬jugate vaccine
B) Hepatitis A (Hep A)
C) Hemophilic influenza type b (Hib)
D) Polio vaccine (IPV)

AI Explanation

Component or subunit vaccine approaches use selected components of a pathogen rather than the whole organism. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is made from inactivated whole poliovirus, rather than by the component vaccine method.

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Q135

Which one of the following is disadvantage of live attenuated vaccine?

A) Single dose is effective
B) Immune system is exposed to the live organism for prolonged period
C) Boosters are not essentially required
D) Risk of reversion to a pathogenic form

AI Explanation

Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened organisms that can rarely revert toward a pathogenic form. This is an important disadvantage, although they often provide strong and long-lasting immunity.

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Q136

The non-glycosylated human growth hormone was biologically active, thus, the preferred system for its production is________________, which allows its rapid and economical production in large amounts.

A) Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Lactobacillus fermentum‎
D) Escherichia coli

AI Explanation

Human growth hormone does not require glycosylation for biological activity. Escherichia coli is therefore a suitable production system because it allows rapid and economical production of large quantities of recombinant hGH.

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Q137

Inactivated whole organism viral vaccines include

A) Anthrax
B) Typhoid
C) Polio vaccine (IPV)
D) Cholera

AI Explanation

The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is an inactivated whole-organism viral vaccine. It contains poliovirus that has been chemically inactivated so it cannot replicate.

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Q138

The complications of inactivated vaccines were observed when Salk vaccine for polio was prepared and ___________________________failed to kill the entire virus.

A) DMSO
B) Hydrogen peroxide
C) Sodium chloride
D) Formaldehyde

AI Explanation

Formaldehyde is used to inactivate poliovirus during production of the Salk vaccine. Inadequate inactivation can leave residual infectious virus, creating a serious safety concern.

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Q139

Scientists have chemically synthesized DNA sequences for two chains, A and B, of insulin and separately inserted into two ____________plasmids by the side of β-galactosidase gene.

A) SV 40 Plasmid Vectors
B) pBR322
C) pUC
D) COSMID

AI Explanation

In the classic recombinant insulin production approach, synthetic DNA sequences encoding the A and B chains were separately inserted into two pBR322 plasmids. The sequences were linked alongside the β-galactosidase gene for expression.

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Q140

The hemophilia A may be mild to severe depending upon __________concentration in the body.

A) Factor VIII
B) Factor XI
C) Factor IX
D) Factor X

AI Explanation

Hemophilia A is caused by deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factor VIII. Its severity depends on the level of functional factor VIII in the blood, with lower levels generally causing more severe bleeding.

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In the process of dissolved air flotation release of oxygen in the form of bubbles is known as---------.

A) Non cyclic
B) Belt presses
C) Continual
D) Depressurization

AI Explanation

In dissolved air flotation, air is dissolved into water under pressure and then released by depressurization. This sudden pressure drop causes the dissolved air to form fine bubbles.

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Gamma radiations are used for_________.

A) Dewatering
B) Thickening
C) Conditioning
D) Disinfection

AI Explanation

Gamma radiation can be used to destroy microorganisms by damaging their DNA. Therefore, it is applied as a disinfection method in wastewater and sludge treatment.