MCQ Bank

The unit of analysis is the entity about which conclusions are drawn, and it is typically also the unit of observation from which data are collected. Examples include individuals, groups, organisations, or households.

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Q70

Research Design can be classified by the approach used to gather _________ data

A) Primary
B) Tertiary
C) All types of
D) Secondary

AI Explanation

Research design can be classified according to the approach used to gather data. Depending on the study, researchers may collect primary, secondary, or other relevant types of data.

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Q71

The critical thing about ___________ measures is that the people being studied are not aware of it but leave evidence of their social behavior or actions naturally.

A) Obstructive
B) Non-reactive
C) Obtrusive
D) Reactive

AI Explanation

Non-reactive measures are designed so that people being studied are unaware that their behaviour is being measured. This allows researchers to examine naturally occurring evidence without influencing participants' behaviour.

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Q72

Which of the following is not a type of observation tool:

A) Experiment
B) Stratification
C) Interview
D) Questionnaire

AI Explanation

Stratification is a sampling technique rather than an observation tool. Experiments, interviews, and questionnaires can all be used as methods or tools for collecting observational or research data.

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Q73

Network, chain referral, or reputational sampling is also called ______.

A) Theoretical Sampling
B) Sequential Sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Snowball Sampling

AI Explanation

Snowball sampling is also known as network or chain-referral sampling. Existing participants help identify or recruit additional participants, making it useful for reaching difficult-to-access populations.

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Q74

In probability, sampling every element in the population has a known _________________.

A) Zero non-probability of selection
B) Non-zero non-probability of selection
C) Non-zero probability of selection
D) Zero probability of selection

AI Explanation

In probability sampling, every element in the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected. This principle allows researchers to estimate sampling error and make statistical generalisations.

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Q75

The stratification in random sampling is done because of the following except ………….

A) to enable use of different research procedures in different strata
B) to increase a sample’s statistical efficiency
C) to provide adequate data for analyzing the various subpopulations
D) develop a system for the selection of elements instead of random numbers

AI Explanation

Stratification is used to improve statistical efficiency, ensure adequate representation of subpopulations, and sometimes allow different procedures across strata. Developing a system for selecting elements instead of using random numbers is not a purpose of stratification.

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Q76

Social researchers do not use a consistent nomenclature to distinguish between the _________ and _____________

A) Scales, Data
B) Data, indexes
C) Scales, indexes
D) None of above

AI Explanation

Social researchers may use the terms scales and indexes somewhat inconsistently, although they have different measurement functions. Both are tools for combining or assessing indicators of social constructs.

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Q77

Statistic is different from Statistics in a sense that:

A) Statistic refer to summary description of a variable in survey sample in numerical form
B) All given options are incorrect
C) Statistics refer to summary description of a variable in survey sample in numerical form
D) Statistic refers to the field of study dealing with data collection and interpretation

AI Explanation

A statistic is a numerical summary describing a characteristic of a sample. Statistics, with an s, refers more broadly to the field concerned with collecting, analysing, interpreting, and presenting data.

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Q78

Coding the visible, surface content in a text is called ___________.

A) Manifest coding
B) Semantic coding
C) Latent Coding
D) Conventional coding

AI Explanation

Manifest coding focuses on the visible and directly observable content of a text. Latent coding, in contrast, focuses on underlying meanings or themes that are not explicitly stated.

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Q79

The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically while retaining the characteristics of a ________.

A) Simple random sample
B) Stratified Random Sample
C) Systematic Random Sample
D) Probability sample

AI Explanation

Cluster sampling groups population elements into clusters and then samples clusters to reduce the cost and effort of data collection. It aims to retain many of the useful characteristics of a simple random sample while making sampling more economical.

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Q80

A common error in the reliability and validity of secondary data is _________________.

A) Coding difficulties
B) Non-Reactive Data
C) Data must be adjusted for comparability over time
D) Fallacy of misplaced concreteness

AI Explanation

Secondary data collected at different times may use different definitions, classifications, or measurement methods. Adjusting the data for comparability over time is therefore an important reliability and validity consideration.

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Q81

A_____________________ is the summary description of a given variable in a population

A) Unit of data collection
B) Observation unit
C) Statistic
D) Parameter

AI Explanation

A parameter is a numerical summary describing a characteristic of a population. A statistic, in contrast, describes a characteristic of a sample.

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Q82

It is the opposite of Discriminant Validity

A) Divergent validity
B) Test-retest Reliability
C) Convergent Validity
D) Discriminant Validity

AI Explanation

Convergent validity is generally considered the opposite or complementary concept to discriminant validity. It examines whether measures intended to assess the same construct are strongly related.

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Q83

In the conclusions section of an industry-based case study, the recommended action plan is fully analyzed in terms of its:

A) viability
B) feasibility
C) benefit to the company
D) viability, feasibility, and benefit to the company

AI Explanation

An industry-based case study should evaluate a recommended action plan comprehensively. This includes assessing whether it is viable, feasible to implement, and beneficial to the company.

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Q84

_____________ is considered as a basic and very minimum index of content validity

A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Criterion-related validity
D) Face validity

AI Explanation

Face validity is often considered a basic and minimum form of content validity. It concerns whether a measure appears, on its surface, to assess the intended construct.

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Q85

The scientific requirements of a project call for the operational requirements to be ___________

A) Analytical
B) Practical
C) Theoratical
D) Hypothetical

AI Explanation

The scientific requirements of a project should be translated into operational requirements that can be practically implemented. Practical requirements ensure that the research procedures can be carried out effectively.

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Q86

The great strength of the survey as a primary data collecting approach is its ___________

A) Versatility
B) Hypothesis
C) Data
D) Methodology

AI Explanation

The great strength of surveys as a primary data collection method is their versatility. Surveys can collect many types of information from diverse respondents using different question formats.

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Q87

__________ allows researchers to reach a large audience, to personalize individual messages

A) Electronic interactive media
B) All of Above
C) Non-Interactive Media Non- Electronic interactive media
D) Non-Interactive Media

AI Explanation

Electronic interactive media allow researchers to reach large audiences while also personalizing messages for individual respondents. Examples include online surveys and other interactive digital communication methods.

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Q88

The reliability of a measure indicates the extent to which it is

A) Economical, without bias, and error-free
B) Economical and error-free
C) Economical
D) Error free

AI Explanation

Reliability indicates the consistency and dependability of a measurement, meaning it is relatively free from random measurement error. A reliable instrument should produce stable results under similar conditions.