Fatty acid chains that contain no double bonds are called:

• A) poly-unsaturated
• B) saturated
• C) unsaturated
• D) poly-unsaturated

Phospholipids frequently have nitrogen-containing bases and other substituents are:

• A) Glycerophospholipids the alcohol is glycerol.
• B) None of any option
• C) Both: Glycerophospholipids the alcohol is glycerol and in Sphingophospholipids the alcohol is sphingosine
• D) Sphingophospholipids the alcohol is sphingosine

___________________are major structural elements of biological membranes.

• A) Fats and oils
• B) Nonpolar lipids
• C) Adipose tissue Fat
• D) Phospholipids and sterols

Oleic acid is an 18 carbon ______________ fatty acid.

• A) saturated
• B) poly-unsaturated
• C) mono-unsaturated
• D) mono-saturated

Glycosphingolipids are the lipids containing:

• A) sphingosine and carbohydrate
• B) glycerol
• C) fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate
• D) fatty acid and sphingosine

What is the major source of insect-resistance genes used in plant biotechnology?

• A) The virus Tobacco mosaic virus
• B) The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
• C) The fungus Aspergillus niger
• D) The algae Chlamydomonas

What is the primary purpose of introducing DNA into animal cells in culture?

• A) To eliminate all genetic diseases in animals
• B) To study gene function and regulation or produce recombinant proteins
• C) To increase the physical size of the animal
• D) To create new pets

Which of the following is listed as a risk factor of GM foods?

• A) Improvement in soil fertility
• B) Creation of superbugs and superweeds
• C) Reduction in crop yield
• D) Increased nutritional value

What is one of the most important goals of plant biotechnology as mentioned in the slides?

• A) To increase food yields
• B) To make plants grow without water
• C) To reduce the nutritional value of crops
• D) To eliminate all plant diseases permanently

Drought resistance in plants is an example of protection against which type of stress?

• A) Viral stress
• B) Nutritional stress
• C) Biotic stress
• D) Abiotic stress

What happens to the cell membrane during electroporation?

• A) It forms a thick wall around the cell
• B) It is completely destroyed
• C) Transient, nanometer-sized pores are generated
• D) It becomes permanently permeable

Which was the first human therapeutic protein to be expressed in genetically modified plants?

• A) Interferon
• B) Human serum albumin
• C) Insulin
• D) Growth hormone

Why is transfection with polyplexes considered more efficient than some other chemical methods?

• A) Because they do not require any cells
• B) Because they work only in plant cells
• C) Because they have a uniform particle size
• D) Because they are cheaper to produce

Which trait is the most widespread in commercial transgenic plants?

• A) Drought tolerance
• B) Herbicide resistance
• C) Insect resistance
• D) Salt tolerance

Protoplast transformation is highly efficient for DNA uptake but can be limiting for generating whole transgenic plants. What is a major downstream challenge after successfully transforming a protoplast?

• A) It is difficult to regenerate an entire fertile plant from a single protoplast.
• B) The protoplasts are immediately resistant to antibiotics.
• C) Protoplasts cannot express foreign genes.
• D) The transformation is only transient.

A biotechnology company needs a homogeneous population of single plant cells for high-throughput screening of a new herbicide. They start with a solid callus culture. What should be their next critical step to achieve this?

• A) Induce somatic embryogenesis in the callus.
• B) Subject the callus to cryopreservation.
• C) Treat the callus with a cell wall-digesting enzyme.
• D) Transfer the callus to a liquid medium and agitate it on a shaker.

What confers the ability to induce tumors in Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

• A) Ti-plasmid
• B) Chromosomal DNA
• C) Mitochondrial DNA
• D) Ribosomal RNA

T-DNA genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens are involved in:

• A) Photosynthesis
• B) Nitrogen fixation
• C) Synthesis of phytohormones and opines
• D) Cell wall degradation

What is the approximate velocity required for metal particles to penetrate plant cell walls in particle bombardment?

• A) 50 m/s
• B) 500 m/s
• C) 100 m/s
• D) 250 m/s

In an experiment, a researcher creates a nutrient medium containing only a high concentration of auxins to initiate callus from leaf explants. The callus forms but quickly begins to differentiate into roots. What is the most likely explanation?

• A) The explant was contaminated.
• B) The sugar concentration was too low.
• C) The balance of hormones was incorrect; cytokinins were needed to suppress differentiation.
• D) The temperature was too high.