Lexical Semantics deals with the meaning of individual words.

• A) Lexical Semantics deals with the meaning of individual words.
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Theories of Meaning

• A) Theories of Meaning
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Meaning is reference to facts or objects in the world. (Referential Theory of Meaning)

• A) Referential Theory of Meaning
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The ideational theory takes speaker’s meaning as fundamental. It assumes that meaning is attached to, but separable from words, because it originates somewhere else, namely in the mind, in the form of ideas. (Ideational Theory of Meaning)

• A) Ideational Theory of Meaning
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Mentalistic, Cognitive and Conceptual Theories of Meaning: They deal with speakers’ psychological grasp of the meaning, of expressions of their language; rather than with the relation between the expression and the possible worlds.

• A) Mentalistic, Cognitive and Conceptual Theories of Meaning: They deal with speakers’ psychological grasp of the meaning, of expressions of their language; rather than with the relation between the expression and the possible worlds.
• B)
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A mode of graded categorization in cognitive science. Where some members of a category are more central than others. (Prototype Theory of Meaning)

• A) Prototype Theory of Meaning
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One way in which the study of basic conceptual meaning might be helpful, would be as a means of accounting for the “oddness” (Semantic Features)

• A) Semantic Features
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Meaning of linguistic expressions derives from TWO sources:

• A) Meaning of linguistic expressions derives from TWO sources:
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Language they are part of. • The world they describe.

• A) Language they are part of. • The world they describe.
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Utterance is created by speaking (or writing). Sentence plus sound is equal to utterance. It is considered to be the most concrete level of language

• A) Utterance is created by speaking (or writing). Sentence plus sound is equal to utterance. It is considered to be the most concrete level of language
• B)
• C)
• D)

Proposition is a purely abstract level (Saeed, 2003) - more abstract than sentences; a way of capturing part of the meaning of sentences.

• A) Proposition is a purely abstract level (Saeed, 2003) - more abstract than sentences; a way of capturing part of the meaning of sentences.
• B)
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Logicians discovered that certain elements of grammatical information in sentences were irrelevant e.g., active and passive.

• A) Logicians discovered that certain elements of grammatical information in sentences were irrelevant e.g., active and passive.
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Literal meanings are dictionary meanings.

• A) Literal meanings are dictionary meanings.
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literal uses are traditionally called figurative. They are described by rhetorical terms including metaphor, irony, metonymy etc. (Non)

• A) Non
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transmission of meaning through language – sentence/word meaning. Pragmatics: transmission of meaning through language in use - speaker’s meaning. (Semantics)

• A) Semantics
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The initiator of some action – capable of acting with volition. (Agent)

• A) Agent
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The place in which something is situated or takes place. E.g., the baby was hiding behind the curtain. We offered prayers in the Mosque. (Location)

• A) Location
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The entity towards which something is moved, either literally or metaphorically. (Goal)

• A) Goal
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The entity from which something moves, either literally or metaphorically. E.g., He returned from Russia. We got the idea from a TV programme.

• A) The entity from which something moves, either literally or metaphorically. E.g., He returned from Russia. We got the idea from a TV programme.
• B)
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The entity causing an effect (usually psychological) during an experience. E.g., The noise of the horn frightened the passengers. The last performer entertained the guests. (Stimulus)

• A) Stimulus
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• D)