To measure the quantity of RNA, which instrument is commonly used

• A) Nanodrop
• B) Both nanodrop and spectrophotometer
• C) Spectrophotometer
• D) Gel electrophoresis

What is the primary purpose of boiling Agarose in the TAE buffer during gel preparation?

• A) To change colour of agarose gel
• B) To increase gel concentration
• C) To sterilize the gel
• D) To dissolve agarose in the buffer

What does an A260/280 ratio of ~1.8 indicate for DNA?

• A) Low purity
• B) Presence of proteins
• C) Presence of contaminants
• D) High purity

Why is it important not to disturb the RNA pellet during the isopropanol addition step in RNA extraction?

• A) To avoid RNA degradation
• B) To ensure proper mixing
• C) To speed up the process
• D) To prevent contamination

What is the role of 3X Bromophenol blue in the DNA loading process?

• A) To improve gel conductivity
• B) To enhance DNA visibility
• C) To quantify DNA concentration
• D) To act as a loading dye

How are the resultant fragments in restriction mapping separated and their sizes determined in base pairs?

• A) UV-Visible spectroscopy
• B) SDS-PAGE and Western blotting
• C) Agarose gel electrophoresis and comparison with a standard size marker
• D) Northern blotting and comparison with a standard size marker

Why is the correct map crucial in restriction enzyme mapping?

• A) It guarantees the smallest fragments
• B) It predicts the largest fragments
• C) It accounts for all the bands seen on the gel
• D) It ensures the fastest migration rate

To improve the conductivity of the gel During electrophoresis, at what voltage is the process carried out?

• A) 50V
• B) 125V
• C) 75V
• D) 100V

What component is used to create an electric field during agarose gel electrophoresis?

• A) Agarose gel
• B) Ethidium bromide
• C) DNA ladder
• D) Running buffer

In the first step of RNA extraction, what is the ratio of Trizol to the sample volume used in the process?

• A) 800uL Trizol and 800 uL sample
• B) 800uL Trizol and 400 uL sample
• C) 8000uLTrizol and 600 uL sample
• D) 800uL Trizol and 200 uL sample

What reading indicates more contaminants are present in DNA or RNA samples according to the provided information?

• A) A260/320 ratio of 1.7
• B) A260/230 ratio of 1.8
• C) A260/280 ratio of 1.6
• D) A260/280 ratio of 2.0

How is a dilution defined in the context of a solution?

• A) By increasing the temperature of a solution
• B) By removing solute from a concentrated solution
• C) By adding more solute to a less concentrated solution
• D) By adding more solvent to a more concentrated solution (stock solution)

How long is the RNA pellet held at room temperature after adding 500uL 100% isopropanol?

• A) 5 minutes
• B) 15 minutes
• C) 30 minutes
• D) 10 minutes

At what speed is the centrifugation carried out during the DNA washing step for 10 minutes?

• A) 15000 rpm
• B) 8000 rpm
• C) 5000 rpm
• D) 20000 rpm

What is the next step after "RBC Lysis" step in DNA extraction protocol?

• A) Break the pellet gently
• B) Discard the supernatant
• C) Wash with ice-cold ethanol
• D) Add Proteinase K

How is the agarose gel with ethidium bromide can be visualized after electrophoresis?

• A) Under fluorescent light
• B) Uder differential Interference contrast microscope
• C) Using white light
• D) Under UV light

How is the 0.8% agarose gel prepared for DNA quantification?

• A) Boiling 0.8 g of Agarose in 50 mL of 1X TAE buffer
• B) Boiling 1.0 g of Agarose in 100 mL of water
• C) Boiling 0.5 g of Agarose in 100 mL of 1X TAE buffer
• D) Boiling 0.8 g of Agarose in 100 mL of 1X TAE buffer

What is the purpose of measuring absorbance at 230nm in DNA/RNA purity evaluation?

• A) To visualize nucleic acids
• B) To detect DNA concentration
• C) To detect other possible contaminants
• D) To detect proteins

How can low yield of plasmid DNA during isolation be addressed?

• A) Increase incubation time of bacterial culture
• B) Add more lysis buffer
• C) Reduce the incubation time in lysis buffer
• D) Ensure proper centrifugation steps

Who conducted the first demonstration of bacterial transformation in 1928 using Streptococcus pneumoniae?

• A) Frederick Griffith
• B) Escherichia coli
• C) Stanley Cohen
• D) Herbert Boyer