What do customs primarily consist of?

• A) Religious beliefs.
• B) Everyday routine behavior.
• C) Social norms.
• D) Cultural values.

What is the significance of attitudes toward the source of stress?

• A) They increase the intensity of stressors.
• B) They directly cause stress.
• C) They act as filtering devices in perception of the stressor
• D) They have no impact on stress response.

Which of the following model suggests that personal dispositions and social conditions make independent causal contributions to the occurrence of pathology?

• A) Model D: Additive Burden Hypothesis
• B) Model A: Victimization Hypothesis
• C) Model F: Event Proneness Hypothesis
• D) Model B: Stress and Strain Hypothesis

How do Evans and Cohen categorize stress dimensions?

• A) Duration, intensity and number of people affected
• B) Controllability, predictability and duration
• C) Intensity, duration and rate
• D) Magnitude of required response, number of people affected and controllability

What does the concept of consistency in behavior over time suggest in attribution theory?

• A) Behavior is influenced by cultural norms.
• B) Behavior is situation-dependent.
• C) Internal factors play a significant role in behavior.
• D) External factors play a significant role in behavior.

Which factor moderates the impact of stressors by acting as filtering devices in perception?

• A) Social support
• B) Physical fitness
• C) Control
• D) Attitude toward the source of stress

Which component of culture refers to accumulated feelings and priorities individuals have about things and ideas?

• A) Behaviours.
• B) Customs.
• C) Values.
• D) Belief.

Which issue related to density aimed to address as per Recent research by Galle, Gove, and McPherson (1972)?

• A) The relationship between density and mental health conditions
• B) Correlations between population growth and environmental degradation
• C) The impact of density on crime rates in urban areas
• D) Confounding variables related to social structure in studying density

Which city in Pakistan has the highest urban population concentration in Sindh?

• A) Multan
• B) Karachi
• C) Lahore
• D) Faisalabad

Where did researchers such as Saegert, Mackintosh, and West (1975) discover evidence supporting the idea that higher density can result in a decrease in performance?

• A) Quiet library settings
• B) Busy classroom environments
• C) Sparse residential areas
• D) Socially dense department stores

What is the projected population of the world by 2030 according to current trends?

• A) 30 billion
• B) 10 billion
• C) 5 billion
• D) 20 billion

Why might the incidence of crime be higher in urban areas compared to rural areas?

• A) Due to lack of law enforcement in cities
• B) Due to increased feelings of anonymity and loss of control
• C) Due to stronger community ties in urban areas
• D) Due to reduced levels of stimulation in cities

Which city in Sindh has the highest concentration of urban population?

• A) Karachi
• B) Islamabad
• C) Sukkur
• D) Hyderabad

Which of the following actions is NOT a way to reduce the negative effects of rapid urbanization?

• A) Implementation of urban planning and regulations
• B) Promotion of sustainable development practices
• C) Investment in infrastructure and resources
• D) Destruct the natural habitats

Psychological effects of urbanization include loneliness and increased crime rates.

• A) True
• B) False
• C)
• D)

What did scholars like Loo (1973) and Proshansky et. al (1970) emphasize regarding the distinction between density and crowding?

• A) Density is a psychological experience, while crowding is a physical limitation
• B) Density is a spatial constraint, while crowding is influenced by personal and social factors
• C) Density and crowding are interchangeable terms
• D) Density is a subjective concept, while crowding is objective

How does the concept of crowding in urban areas impact individuals' psychological well-being?

• A) It results in heightened levels of stress and potential health issues
• B) It leads to increased feelings of control and satisfaction
• C) It promotes a sense of calm and relaxation
• D) It fosters stronger community ties and social connections

Cities offer beneficial effects to individuals in which of the following domains:

• A) Cities provide more peaceful and serene environments
• B) Cities have lower incidence of crime compared to rural areas
• C) Cities offer more opportunities for career growth and development
• D) Cities are less crowded than rural areas

The population density is the study of:

• A) Urbanization
• B) Crowding
• C)
• D)

The main difference between density and crowding is:

• A) Crowding is a necessary condition for density to be experienced
• B) Crowding is a physical limitation of space, while density is an experiential state
• C) Density is a psychological concept, while crowding involves physical constraints
• D) Density refers to spatial constraints, while crowding is influenced by personal and social factors