MCQ Bank

DTP stands for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, so the vaccine contains components targeting these three diseases. Rabies vaccine is not a component of the DTP vaccine.

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Q130

_________________is a peptide hormone consisting of 51 amino acids. It is secreted by β cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas

A) Growth hormone
B) Insulin
C) Blood clotting factor VIII
D) Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

AI Explanation

Insulin is a peptide hormone consisting of 51 amino acids and is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It plays a central role in regulating blood glucose levels.

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Q131

DNA vaccines consist of _________________engineered to contain a protein-encoding gene and all the necessary requisites

A) Chloroplasts
B) Mitochondria
C) Liposomes
D) Plasmids

AI Explanation

DNA vaccines use plasmids engineered to carry a gene encoding the desired antigen along with the necessary regulatory sequences. After administration, host cells can express the antigen and stimulate an immune response.

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Q132

This might be one of the disadvantages of inactivated vaccine:

A) Risk of reversion to a pathogenic form
B) High immune reactions
C) Requirement of boosters
D) All of the given

AI Explanation

Inactivated vaccines cannot replicate in the host, so their immune response may be less durable than that produced by live attenuated vaccines. Consequently, booster doses are often required to maintain protective immunity.

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Q133

Due to problem of __________________in attenuated vaccines, the live virus/bacteria were inactivated by heat or chemical treatment.

A) Requirement of boosters
B) High immune reactions
C) All of the given
D) Reversion of pathogenic agent

AI Explanation

Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened organisms that can, in rare cases, potentially revert toward a more pathogenic form. This concern led to the development and use of inactivated vaccines, in which the organism is killed by heat or chemical treatment.

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Q134

Which vaccines have not been produced by using component vaccine method?

A) Pneumococcal con¬jugate vaccine
B) Hepatitis A (Hep A)
C) Hemophilic influenza type b (Hib)
D) Polio vaccine (IPV)

AI Explanation

Component or subunit vaccine approaches use selected components of a pathogen rather than the whole organism. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is made from inactivated whole poliovirus, rather than by the component vaccine method.

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Q135

Which one of the following is disadvantage of live attenuated vaccine?

A) Single dose is effective
B) Immune system is exposed to the live organism for prolonged period
C) Boosters are not essentially required
D) Risk of reversion to a pathogenic form

AI Explanation

Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened organisms that can rarely revert toward a pathogenic form. This is an important disadvantage, although they often provide strong and long-lasting immunity.

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Q136

The non-glycosylated human growth hormone was biologically active, thus, the preferred system for its production is________________, which allows its rapid and economical production in large amounts.

A) Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Lactobacillus fermentum‎
D) Escherichia coli

AI Explanation

Human growth hormone does not require glycosylation for biological activity. Escherichia coli is therefore a suitable production system because it allows rapid and economical production of large quantities of recombinant hGH.

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Q137

Inactivated whole organism viral vaccines include

A) Anthrax
B) Typhoid
C) Polio vaccine (IPV)
D) Cholera

AI Explanation

The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is an inactivated whole-organism viral vaccine. It contains poliovirus that has been chemically inactivated so it cannot replicate.

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Q138

The complications of inactivated vaccines were observed when Salk vaccine for polio was prepared and ___________________________failed to kill the entire virus.

A) DMSO
B) Hydrogen peroxide
C) Sodium chloride
D) Formaldehyde

AI Explanation

Formaldehyde is used to inactivate poliovirus during production of the Salk vaccine. Inadequate inactivation can leave residual infectious virus, creating a serious safety concern.

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Q139

Scientists have chemically synthesized DNA sequences for two chains, A and B, of insulin and separately inserted into two ____________plasmids by the side of β-galactosidase gene.

A) SV 40 Plasmid Vectors
B) pBR322
C) pUC
D) COSMID

AI Explanation

In the classic recombinant insulin production approach, synthetic DNA sequences encoding the A and B chains were separately inserted into two pBR322 plasmids. The sequences were linked alongside the β-galactosidase gene for expression.

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Q140

The hemophilia A may be mild to severe depending upon __________concentration in the body.

A) Factor VIII
B) Factor XI
C) Factor IX
D) Factor X

AI Explanation

Hemophilia A is caused by deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factor VIII. Its severity depends on the level of functional factor VIII in the blood, with lower levels generally causing more severe bleeding.

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In the process of dissolved air flotation release of oxygen in the form of bubbles is known as---------.

A) Non cyclic
B) Belt presses
C) Continual
D) Depressurization

AI Explanation

In dissolved air flotation, air is dissolved into water under pressure and then released by depressurization. This sudden pressure drop causes the dissolved air to form fine bubbles.

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Gamma radiations are used for_________.

A) Dewatering
B) Thickening
C) Conditioning
D) Disinfection

AI Explanation

Gamma radiation can be used to destroy microorganisms by damaging their DNA. Therefore, it is applied as a disinfection method in wastewater and sludge treatment.

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--------- process is an appropriate method for sludge stabilization in nurseries, horticulture and landscaping.

A) Thermal drying
B) Anerobic digestion
C) Lime stabilization
D) Composting

AI Explanation

Composting stabilizes organic sludge through controlled biological decomposition. The resulting material can be beneficially used in nurseries, horticulture, and landscaping.

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Principle mechanism of influence in the dewatering process is called -------.

A) Evaporation
B) Stabilization
C) Percolation
D) Drying beds

AI Explanation

Percolation is a key mechanism in sludge dewatering, where liquid moves through the sludge and drainage medium. This removes water and increases the solids concentration of the sludge.

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Which of the following sludge management stage include removal of organic matter?

A) Thickening
B) Conditioning
C) Dewatering
D) Stabilization

AI Explanation

Sludge stabilization is specifically intended to reduce or remove biodegradable organic matter and pathogens. It makes sludge less putrescible and safer to handle and dispose of.

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Lime stabilization is used to treat______ sludge.

A) Primary
B) Digested
C) Secondary
D) All

AI Explanation

Lime stabilization can be applied to primary, secondary, and digested sludge. Lime raises the pH and helps reduce pathogens and odours, improving sludge stability.

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In primary treatment system, primary sludge takes how much time for sludge removal from liquid phase?

A) Days
B) Years
C) Months
D) Weeks

AI Explanation

In primary treatment, primary sludge settles rapidly and is removed from the liquid phase within a relatively short period. Sludge removal is generally carried out within days rather than months or years.

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Normal temperature required in the thermophilic aerobic digestion process is --------------.

A) 35-45 0C
B) 50 -60 0C
C) 80-90 0C
D) 70-80 0C

AI Explanation

Thermophilic aerobic digestion operates at elevated temperatures compared with mesophilic digestion. The typical thermophilic range is approximately 50–60 °C.