MCQ Bank

The main principle behind vaccination is called______________ where a patient is injected with an antigen developed from a nonactive or killed form of pathogens to inspire the body to develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen.

A) Inflammation
B) Opsonization
C) Vasodilation
D) Immunization

AI Explanation

Immunization is the process of inducing protective immunity by exposing the immune system to an antigen, commonly through vaccination. This stimulates the development of antigen-specific immune responses and memory.

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Q70

Embryonic stem cell-mediated transfer method involves prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence by _____________into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells, and the transformed cells can be selected using standard markers.

A) Replicative recombination
B) Nonhomologous recombination
C) All of the given
D) Homologous recombination

AI Explanation

In embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer, the desired DNA sequence is introduced into cultured ES cells through homologous recombination. Correctly modified cells can then be identified using selectable markers.

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Q71

In the 1970s, the introduction of______________, the product of a soil fungus, dramatically improved one-year graft and transplant patient survival.

A) Prednisone
B) Azathioprine
C) Corticosteroids
D) Cyclosporine

AI Explanation

Cyclosporine, derived from a soil fungus, became an important immunosuppressive drug in transplantation during the 1970s. Its introduction substantially improved graft survival by reducing immune rejection.

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Q72

The gene of interest (GOI) is ligated to selectable marker gene and reporter gene. Reported genes may be ________________

A) Luciferase gene
B) All of the given
C) β-glucuronidase gene (GUS)
D) Green fluorescent protein

AI Explanation

Common reporter genes include luciferase, β-glucuronidase (GUS), and green fluorescent protein (GFP). These genes help researchers detect or monitor cells containing the gene of interest.

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Q73

Which is not example of autoimmunity disease?

A) Diabetes mellitus type 1
B) AIDS
C) Churg–Strauss syndrome
D) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

AI Explanation

AIDS is caused by infection with HIV and is not an autoimmune disease. Type 1 diabetes, Churg–Strauss syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis are autoimmune disorders involving inappropriate immune responses against the body's own tissues.

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Q74

The antigen–antibody complex is taken up by the ________________and processed by proteolysis into peptides.

A) B-cells
B) Macrophages
C) T-cells
D) NK cells

AI Explanation

Antigen–antibody complexes can be taken up by macrophages, which process the antigen through proteolysis. The resulting peptides can then participate in antigen presentation and immune responses.

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Q75

Lymphocytes do not include:

A) T-Cells
B) NK cells
C) Dendritic cells
D) B- Cells

AI Explanation

Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting immune cells but are classified separately from lymphocytes.

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Q76

The concept of sperm-mediated transgenesis rested for 18 years until scientists reported the use of spermatozoa as ________________to produce transgenic mice.

A) Enzyme carriers
B) RNA carriers
C) DNA carriers
D) Protein carriers

AI Explanation

Sperm-mediated transgenesis uses spermatozoa as carriers to introduce foreign DNA into an egg during fertilization. This approach can result in the production of transgenic animals such as mice.

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Q77

The human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be differentiated into a following variety of tissue types, except

A) Embryo
B) Fat
C) Nerve cells
D) Cartilage

AI Explanation

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into several tissue types, including fat, cartilage, and certain neural cell types. They do not normally differentiate into an embryo, making this the exception.

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Q78

The recogni¬tion of this MHC–antigen complex is aided by a coreceptor localized on the killer T cell, which is also called___________. It has been suggested that T cells travel throughout the body in hunt of cells where the ___________receptors contain this antigen.

A) CD-8, MHC-I
B) CD-4, MHC-I
C) CD-4, MHC-II
D) CD-8, MHC-II

AI Explanation

Cytotoxic or killer T cells express the CD8 coreceptor, which assists recognition of antigen presented by MHC class I molecules. This enables CD8-positive T cells to identify and destroy infected or abnormal cells.

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Q79

The disadvantages of virus-mediated transgenic technique are the possible interference of viral regulatory elements with the expression of genes and the susceptibility of virus to de novo _________________________resulting in silencing of the genes.

A) Phosphorylation
B) Methylation
C) All of the given
D) Acetylation

AI Explanation

Viral vectors can cause transgene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. De novo methylation of regulatory regions can reduce or prevent expression of the introduced gene.

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Q80

After applying _________________method, the embryos with the transgene are cultured in vitro up to the morula stage and then transferred to pseudopregnant foster mothers.

A) Retrovirus mediated gene transfer
B) Microinjection
C) Embryonic stem cell -mediated transfer
D) All of the given

AI Explanation

In the microinjection method, the transgene is directly introduced into the fertilized egg or early embryo. The embryos are then cultured in vitro to the morula stage before being transferred into pseudopregnant foster mothers.

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Q81

The autologous cell transplantation is basically refers to

A) Same individual transplantation
B) Transplantation from a different species
C) Same species transplantation
D) Syngeneic transplantation

AI Explanation

Autologous transplantation involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs from one site to another within the same individual. Because the donor and recipient are the same person, immune rejection is greatly reduced.

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Q82

Transgene is introduced into the organism, using_________________

A) FISH
B) Recombinant DNA technology
C) PCR
D) Microarray

AI Explanation

Transgenes are introduced into organisms using recombinant DNA technology, which allows a desired gene to be inserted into a suitable vector or construct. The resulting DNA can then be introduced into host cells or embryos.

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Q83

Which is the first biotechnology product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?

A) Recombinant human Blood clotting factor VIII
B) Recombinant human Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
C) Recombinant human insulin
D) Recombinant human Growth hormone

AI Explanation

Recombinant human insulin was the first biotechnology-derived pharmaceutical approved by the U.S. FDA, in 1982. It was produced using genetically engineered microorganisms carrying the human insulin gene.

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Q84

Which exogenous DNA was introduced into the first transgenic mice created?

A) Lambda
B) Agrobacterium
C) M13
D) SV40

AI Explanation

SV40 DNA was among the first foreign DNA sequences introduced into mouse embryos to create transgenic mice. This work demonstrated that introduced genetic material could be incorporated and expressed in mammalian animals.

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Q85

It has been reported that the majority of therapeutic proteins are recombinant human proteins manufactured using _________________________that are engineered to express certain human genetic sequences to produce precise proteins of human use.

A) Virus cell lines
B) Human cell lines
C) Bacterial cell lines
D) Nonhuman mammalian cell lines

AI Explanation

Many therapeutic recombinant proteins are produced in engineered nonhuman mammalian cell lines, such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. These cells can express human genes and produce complex proteins with appropriate folding and post-translational modifications.

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Q86

During Sperm-mediated transgenesis, DNA binds to the sperm’s ________________through specific DNA-binding proteins. After internalization, they are carried into the oocyte upon fertilization.

A) Mitochondrial membrane
B) Plasma membrane
C) Nuclear membrane
D) All of the given

AI Explanation

During sperm-mediated transgenesis, foreign DNA can bind to the sperm plasma membrane through DNA-binding proteins. The DNA is then internalized and carried into the oocyte during fertilization.

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Q87

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for autologous transplantation can be easily and quickly isolated from a ________________________ source.

A) Bone marrow
B) Nerve cells
C) Fat
D) Embryo

AI Explanation

Human mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated relatively readily from bone marrow for autologous transplantation. Bone marrow is a well-established source of MSCs used in regenerative medicine research.

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Q88

The cells from sheep can be used in human is example of_____________

A) Allogeneic cells transplantation
B) Isogeneic cells transplantation
C) Xenogeneic cells transplantation
D) Autogeneic cells transplantation

AI Explanation

Xenogeneic transplantation involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs between different species. Sheep cells used in a human therefore represent xenogeneic transplantation.