A machine learning model is not improving because it keeps getting stuck at a point that is not the lowest possible error. What optimization challenge does this represent?

• A) Overfitting prevention
• B) Global convergence
• C) Data normalization
• D) Local minimum problem

The intuition behind Gradient Descent is similar to:

• A) Building a mountain
• B) Drawing a straight line
• C) Finding the fastest route to the bottom of a hill
• D) Solving a puzzle randomly

A retail company wants to divide its customers into groups based on annual spending and visit frequency. Which data mining technique would be most appropriate?

• A) K-Means Clustering
• B) Association Rules
• C) Regression
• D) Classification

A data analyst wants to identify clusters of customers in a dataset while also detecting outliers. Which clustering algorithm is most suitable?

• A) Naïve Bayes
• B) DBSCAN
• C) Decision Tree
• D) K-Means

A rule has high confidence but very low support. What does this imply?

• A) The rule has no relationship
• B) The rule is reliable but applies to very few transactions.
• C) The rule occurs frequently in the database.
• D) The rule is useless.

A rule generated from transaction data is: Bread → Butter What does this rule indicate?

• A) Butter causes customers to buy bread.
• B) Customers who buy bread are likely to buy butter.
• C) Bread and butter have the same price.
• D) Customers buy bread only when they buy butter.

In the update rule of Gradient Descent, what does α (alpha) represent?

• A) Total error
• B) Output variable
• C) Learning rate
• D) Gradient direction

A company collects customer data from sales, marketing, and finance departments into a single repository for analysis. Which characteristic of a Data Warehouse is demonstrated?

• A) Fragmentation
• B) Duplication
• C) Integration
• D) Volatility

A company wants to analyze customer reviews. Before applying sentiment analysis, what should be done first?

• A) Regression
• B) Clustering
• C) Classification
• D) Text Preprocessing

Which process is commonly used to transfer data into a Data Warehouse?

• A) Compilation
• B) ETL
• C) CRUD
• D) SQL Injection

A sentiment analysis system receives the text: "The movie was AMAZING!!!" Which preprocessing step would help standardize the word "AMAZING"?

• A) Lowercasing
• B) Clustering
• C) Regression
• D) Classification

What is the primary purpose of a Data Warehouse?

• A) To process daily transactions
• B) To manage computer hardware
• C) To support decision-making through data analysis
• D) To store temporary files

A retail company wants to analyze sales data collected over the last five years from different branches. Which system would be most suitable for this purpose?

• A) Transaction Processing System (TPS)
• B) Data Warehouse
• C) Operating System
• D) Database Management System

A manager wants to compare yearly sales trends over the past ten years. Which Data Warehouse characteristic supports this requirement?

• A) Dynamic
• B) Time-Variant
• C) Subject-Oriented
• D) Volatile

Which of the following is a text preprocessing technique used to split text into individual words?

• A) Stemming
• B) Lemmatization
• C) Classification
• D) Tokenization

What is the main purpose of removing stop words during text preprocessing?

• A) To improve processing efficiency by removing common words
• B) To classify text automatically
• C) To increase document size
• D) To add more keywords

Which preprocessing technique converts words such as "running," "runs," and "runner" to their root form?

• A) Tokenization
• B) Stop Word Removal
• C) Parsing
• D) Stemming

The original Wi-Fi standard to gain broad industry acceptance was:

• A) 802.11i
• B) 802.11be
• C) 802.11b
• D) 802.11a

Which security mechanism is based on the trimmed down version of the 802.11i standard?

• A) WPA3
• B) WPA
• C) WEP
• D) WPA2

Which of the following is the consequence of using incorrect capitalization for Nmap flags?

• A) Nmap speeds up the scanning process.
• B) Nmap fails to recognize the flags.
• C) Nmap displays a warning message.
• D) Nmap recognizes the flags as different options.