PCR has a major impact in medicine because it is used for:

• A) D. Environmental pollution control only Environmental pollution control only
• B) Protein synthesis only
• C) Studying plant anatomy
• D) Clinical microbiology, disease diagnosis, and prenatal genetic diagnosis

Physical maps are used to:

• A) D. Identify protein structures Identify protein structures
• B) Show the order of genes without distances
• C) Amplify DNA fragments randomly
• D) Give the DNA base pair distances from one landmark to another

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that:

• A) Uses fluorescent probes that bind only to chromosome regions with high sequence complementarity
• B) Uses radioactive probes to bind randomly to DNA
• C) Amplifies RNA instead of DNA
• D) Sequences the entire genome directly

Sequence-tagged sites (STS) are considered more convenient than RFLPs because:

• A) They do not require southern blotting
• B) They require southern blotting
• C) They amplify proteins instead of DNA
• D) They randomly fragment the genome

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) can detect genomic fragments:

• A) Only through protein analysis
• B) Without prior sequence information, similar to RFLP
• C) By sequencing RNA instead of DNA
• D) Only if the DNA sequence is already known

In forensic science, molecular methods are mainly used to:

• A) Diagnose plant diseases
• B) Study plant genetics
• C) Establish personal identification and obtain evidence from minimal biological samples
• D) Analyze environmental pollution

Genetic linkage maps are used to:

• A) Illustrate the order of genes or genetic markers on a chromosome and their relative distances
• B) D. Amplify DNA fragments randomly Amplify DNA fragments randomly
• C) Show the physical structure of proteins
• D) Sequence entire genomes

In genome mapping, a marker can be:

• A) Only a protein
• B) D. Only whole chromosomes Only whole chromosomes
• C) Any identifiable feature of the genome, such as short DNA sequences, regulatory sites, or genes
• D) Only RNA sequences

Molecular paleontology is the study of:

• A) D. Environmental DNA from living organisms Environmental DNA from living organisms
• B) DNA and proteins recovered from ancient human, animal, and plant remains
• C) Fossils based only on physical structure
• D) Modern genetic engineering techniques

RFLPs can be used in physical mapping because:

• A) They sequence entire genomes randomly
• B) D. They identify protein structures They identify protein structures
• C) They amplify RNA sequences
• D) They exploit variations in homologous DNA sequences, and DNA probes targeting RFLPs can be used for mapping

Chromosomal maps of bacteria can be obtained by combining which of the following techniques?

• A) D. Protein electrophoresis Protein electrophoresis
• B) Random DNA sequencing
• C) Interrupted mating, recombination mapping, transformation, and transduction
• D) Only PCR

Which of the following is true about mitochondrial genomes?

• A) They have identical structure in all organisms
• B) They contain no genes
• C) They show great structural diversity and gene transfer with nuclear DNA
• D) They are completely independent of nuclear DNA

A gene knock-out refers to:

• A) Making a specific gene inoperative
• B) Sequencing a gene
• C) Replacing a gene with another gene
• D) Increasing gene expression

Shotgun sequencing is a method in which:

• A) Only short DNA strands are sequenced
• B) Long DNA strands are broken into smaller fragments, sequenced individually, and then reassembled
• C) DNA is sequenced without breaking it
• D) DNA sequencing is done manually

High-throughput sequencing mainly refers to:

• A) Modern sequencing technologies that rapidly sequence genomes at lower cost
• B) Sequencing without using machines
• C) Old and slow DNA sequencing methods
• D) Sequencing only RNA molecules

Spotted DNA arrays are produced by:

• A) Sequencing DNA directly
• B) Mixing DNA with proteins
• C) Printing DNA samples on treated microscope slides
• D) Cutting DNA with enzymes

Arrays are used in human disease research mainly to:

• A) Investigate transcriptional profiles and identify disease markers
• B) Measure protein structure
• C) Clone genes into plasmids
• D) Sequence entire genomes

Oligonucleotide chips are manufactured by:

• A) Printing DNA clones on slides
• B) In situ oligonucleotide synthesis
• C) PCR amplification
• D) DNA sequencing

In clone-by-clone sequencing, what is done before the DNA is split into fragments?

• A) RNA is converted into DNA
• B) DNA is directly sequenced
• C) A map of each chromosome of the genome is prepared
• D) DNA fragments are reassembled

Orthologs are genes that:

• A) Are homologous genes in different organisms that evolved by vertical descent and perform the same function
• B) Encode different proteins in the same species
• C) Are unrelated genes with similar functions
• D) Are found in the same organism and have different functions