The symbol for pooled variance is:

• A) S²p
• B) σp
• C) SSp
• D) M²p

The estimated standard error has ______________relationship with sample variance.

• A) Indirect
• B) Balance
• C) Direct
• D) Proportional

Which of the following is free-to-use software that is meant for determining the sample size and analyzing power in research studies?

• A) G*Power
• B) L*power
• C) F*Power
• D) N*Power

Pooled variance is used to:

• A) Ignore sample variance
• B) Reduce sample size
• C) Increase error
• D) Correct bias in the standard error

Which assumption in ANOVA ensures that each participant’s score is not influenced by another?

• A) Randomization
• B) Independence of observations
• C) Normality assumption
• D) Homogeneity of variance

Why is power analysis used?

• A) To avoid hypothesis testing
• B) To estimate the necessary sample size
• C) To calculate z-scores
• D) To reduce variance

While checking the significance value (Sig.) for Levene’s test, if this number is greater than .05, the assumption is:

• A) Not violated
• B) Gives clarity
• C) Fully violated
• D) Creates confusion

What is the connection between sample size and p-value?

• A) Smaller samples always reduce p-values
• B) p-value is independent of sample size
• C) Sample size only affects standard deviation
• D) Larger sample sizes make p-values smaller

If an alpha level of .05 is used, that means the researcher is taking a ___________ risk of committing a Type I error.

• A) 6%
• B) 5%
• C) 10%
• D) 7%

Which distribution has more variability: t or z?

• A) z distribution
• B) t distribution
• C) Neither
• D) Both equal

The structure of the t-statistic is the same for:

• A) Only single-sample test
• B) Chi-square tests
• C) Independent-samples and single-sample tests
• D) Only independent-samples test

Which of the following sample size tends to yield statistically significant results?

• A) Smaller sample size
• B) Normal sample size
• C) Larger sample size
• D) Tentative sample size

Why is the independent-samples t-test widely used?

• A) Most studies compare two separate groups
• B) It compares more than two means
• C) It ignores population assumptions
• D) It requires only one group

One-way ANOVA tests differences in:

• A) Proportions in categorical data
• B) Variances across multiple groups
• C) Relationships between variables
• D) Group means across three or more groups

The formula for S(M₁ − M₂) is:

• A) √(SS₁/df₁) + (SS₂/df₂)
• B) SS/df
• C) √(𝑠₁²/n₁)+ (𝑠₂²/n₂)
• D) √(M₁ – M₂)/n

One-way between-groups ANOVA is used when there is _____________ with three or more levels (groups).

• A) One independent variable
• B) One discrete variable
• C) Neither independent nor discrete variable
• D) Two discrete variables

The results of a study are statistically significant and can depend upon the:

• A) World population
• B) Population size
• C) Whole population
• D) Sample size

Suppose you want to test differences in income between rural and urban respondents. Which is the dependent variable?

• A) Group codes
• B) Rural/Urban status
• C) Gender
• D) Income

Higher variability can __________the chances of finding a significant treatment effect in a hypothesis test.

• A) Deviate
• B) Not change
• C) Increase
• D) Decrease

What does independent observation mean?

• A) All participants behave the same
• B) Observations affect each other
• C) Events are correlated
• D) The occurrence of one event does not influence another