MCQ Bank

The dependent variable is the criterion or standard by which experimental results are judged. It is the outcome measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.

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Q36

A ____ is a collection of characters that represent a single type of data.

A) File
B) Code-book
C) Field
D) Record

AI Explanation

A field is a collection of characters representing a single type of data or attribute. Fields are used to organise individual pieces of information within a record.

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Q37

___________ is the process of checking and adjusting the data for omissions, legibility, and consistency.

A) Data cleaning
B) Editing
C) Coding
D) Plug value

AI Explanation

Editing is the process of checking and adjusting collected data for omissions, legibility, and consistency. It helps ensure the data are accurate and suitable for subsequent analysis.

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Q38

Qualitative research produces..........

A) Hard data
B) soft data
C) both
D) non of above

AI Explanation

Qualitative research generally produces soft data, such as descriptions, opinions, meanings, and observations. These data are typically non-numerical and provide detailed insight into experiences and behaviours.

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Q39

The type of Non-probability sampling in which the researcher lays down the criteria for the subjects is called:

A) Convenience sampling
B) Purposive sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Snowball sampling

AI Explanation

Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which the researcher deliberately selects subjects according to specified criteria. The selection is based on the participants' relevance to the research purpose.

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Q40

________ incorporate all the powers of the previous scales plus the provision for absolute zero or origin

A) Interval Scale
B) Ratio Scale
C) Ordinal scales
D) Nominal scales

AI Explanation

A ratio scale incorporates the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales and also has an absolute zero point. This allows meaningful comparisons of both differences and ratios.

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Q41

Split half reliability reflects the correlations between ___________ of an instrument

A) All Parts
B) Two halves
C) Three halves
D) Four halves

AI Explanation

Split-half reliability assesses the correlation between two halves of the same measurement instrument. A high correlation indicates that the items consistently measure the same construct.

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Q42

__________ applies when multiple indicators converge or are associated with one another

A) Discriminant Validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Convergent Validity
D) Predictive validity

AI Explanation

Convergent validity applies when multiple indicators intended to measure the same construct are strongly associated or converge. It demonstrates that related measures are capturing a common underlying concept.

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Q43

Reliability is a _____________ condition of the test of goodness of a measure

A) None of above
B) Necessary
C) Sufficient
D) Both sufficient and necessary

AI Explanation

Reliability is a necessary condition for a good measurement instrument because inconsistent measurements cannot provide dependable results. However, reliability alone does not guarantee validity.

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Q44

If the research objective requires an extremely lengthy questionnaire, ____________ may be the only alternative

A) Collect less data
B) Personal interviews
C) Direct Meet up
D) Changing the Methodology

AI Explanation

When a questionnaire is extremely lengthy, personal interviews may be the only practical alternative. Interviewers can guide respondents through lengthy questions and help maintain completion and response quality.

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Q45

Qualitative research produces ____ data while Quantitative research produces ____ data.

A) Primary, secondary
B) Reliable, unreliable
C) Soft, hard
D) Hard, soft

AI Explanation

Qualitative research generally produces soft data, such as descriptions, meanings, and observations. Quantitative research produces hard data, which are numerical and measurable.

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Q46

_________ is a unit about which information is collected and is the basis of analysis.

A) Element
B) Parameter
C) Variable
D) Hypothesis

AI Explanation

An element is a unit about which information is collected and that forms the basis of analysis. Examples include individuals, households, organisations, or other units relevant to the study.

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Q47

The validity of an indicator is verified by comparing it with another measure of the same construct in which _______________-

A) Published data is available
B) Research is at its early stages
C) Too much Research has been conducted
D) Research has confidence

AI Explanation

The validity of an indicator can be assessed by comparing it with another established measure of the same construct. Published or previously validated data can provide an appropriate basis for this comparison.

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Q48

A ____________ is the one in which the numbers or letters assigned to objects serve as labels for identification or classification.

A) Interval Scale
B) Ordinal scales
C) Nominal scales
D) Ratio Scale

AI Explanation

Nominal scales use numbers or letters simply as labels for identification or classification. They do not imply ranking or meaningful numerical differences between categories.

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Q49

It is that unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis

A) Sampling
B) Target Population
C) Population
D) Element

AI Explanation

An element is the basic unit about which information is collected and which provides the basis for analysis. In research, elements may be individuals, organisations, households, or other units being studied.

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Q50

Self-administered questionnaires printed on paper are ______________ media

A) Non-interactive
B) Electronic interactive
C) Non- Electronic interactive media
D) None of Above

AI Explanation

Self-administered paper questionnaires do not allow direct interaction between the respondent and the medium during completion. Therefore, they are classified as non-interactive media.

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Q51

It is difficult to pin down a specific definition of ________ because it is more of an orientation toward research than a fixed set of techniques to apply.

A) Field research
B) Non-reactive research
C) Narrative research
D) Experimental research

AI Explanation

Field research is more of a general orientation toward studying people and social settings in their natural environments than a fixed set of techniques. This makes it difficult to give it one precise, universally applicable definition.

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Q52

The essential difference between descriptive and explanatory studies lies in their

A) Overall methodologies
B) Data Collection steps
C) Objectives
D) Study Plans

AI Explanation

The key difference between descriptive and explanatory studies is their objectives. Descriptive studies describe characteristics or situations, while explanatory studies seek to explain relationships and causes.

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Q53

The technique of splitting halves is the most basic method for checking ____________ when measures contain a large number of items

A) Overall structure
B) Generalized structure
C) Internal consistency
D) External consistency

AI Explanation

The split-half technique checks whether different parts of a measurement instrument produce consistent results. It is therefore a basic method for assessing internal consistency when an instrument has many items.

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Q54

Human interactive media are personal forms of ____________

A) Observation
B) Analysis
C) Dialogue
D) Communication

AI Explanation

Human interactive media involve direct interaction between people. They are therefore personal forms of communication, allowing information and responses to be exchanged between participants.