Threat to internal validity of an experiment arises because of a change in the measuring instrument between pretest and posttest, and not because of the instrument’s differential impact at the end, is termed as;

• A) Statistical Regression
• B) Instrumentation Effect
• C) Maturation Effect
• D) Testing Effect

Which of the following elements are NOT included in Observation in Non Reactive research?

• A) Time Duration
• B) Count Behaviors
• C) Accretion
• D) External Appearance

When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.

• A) Internal
• B) External
• C) Construct
• D) Causal

Which of the following groups does not receive the experimental treatment condition?

• A) Independent group
• B) Control group
• C) Treatment group
• D) Experimental group

In an experiment, a variable manipulated by a researcher is called as _______________

• A) Dependent
• B) Control
• C) Independent
• D) Stimulus

All of the given options are parts of experiment EXCEPT;

• A) Statistical control
• B) Experimental group
• C) Treatment variable
• D) Dependent variable

Statistics is used by researchers to:

• A) Analyze the empirical data collected in a study
• B) Operationally define their variables
• C) Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended
• D) Make their findings sound better

Which of the following would allow me to have the MOST control over environmental variables when conducting a research study?

• A) Survey
• B) True experimental design
• C) Case study
• D) Quasi-experimental design

Which of the following term refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?

• A) Experimental control
• B) Matching
• C) Differential influence
• D) Analysis of covariance

To establish that variable X cause’s variable Y, all of the following conditions should be met, EXCEPT;

• A) Both X and Y should co-vary
• B) None of the given options
• C) X (the presumed causal factor) should precede Y
• D) Other factors should possibly cause the change in the dependent variable Y

The posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity:

• A) Differential attrition
• B) Differential selection
• C) Additive and interactive effects
• D) History

Which of the following measures of central tendency is referred as ‘the middle point of the data’?

• A) All of the given options
• B) Median
• C) Mean
• D) Mode

Experimental research builds on the principles of ___________ approach more directly than do the other research techniques.

• A) None of the given options
• B) Positivist
• C) Subjectivist
• D) Interpretivist

Experimental designs, which have at least two groups, only experimental group is exposed to treatment, both groups record information before and after the treatment, are known as;

• A) Two Groups Posttest-only Design
• B) Classical Experimental Design
• C) Quasi-Experimental Designs
• D) Ex-post facto experimental designs

Which of the following refers to the partials replicate or reproduce the same relationship that existed in the bivariate table before considering the control variable?

• A) Suppressor variable pattern
• B) Specification pattern
• C) Replication pattern
• D) Negative linear relationship

In an experimental research, variables, other than the treatment, that affect the dependent variable are threats to;

• A) External reliability
• B) Internal validity
• C) External validity
• D) Internal reliability

Which of the following is/are the element/s of Observation in Non Reactive research?

• A) Count Behaviors
• B) Time Duration
• C) External Appearance
• D) All of the given options

Which of the following elements are not required for structuring Observation in Non reactive research?

• A) Accretion
• B) Frequency
• C) Direction
• D) Intensity

Which of the following control techniques that is available to researcher, controls for both known and unknown variables?

• A) Matching
• B) Random assignment
• C) Analysis of covariance
• D) Building the extraneous variable into the design

When a variable is so closely associated with the independent variable that we do not know which one is producing the experimental effect, the variable is:

• A) Manipulated
• B) Confounded
• C) Unspecified
• D) Uncontrolled