Language they are part of. • The world they describe.

• A) Language they are part of. • The world they describe.
• B)
• C)
• D)

Utterance is created by speaking (or writing). Sentence plus sound is equal to utterance. It is considered to be the most concrete level of language

• A) Utterance is created by speaking (or writing). Sentence plus sound is equal to utterance. It is considered to be the most concrete level of language
• B)
• C)
• D)

Proposition is a purely abstract level (Saeed, 2003) - more abstract than sentences; a way of capturing part of the meaning of sentences.

• A) Proposition is a purely abstract level (Saeed, 2003) - more abstract than sentences; a way of capturing part of the meaning of sentences.
• B)
• C)
• D)

Logicians discovered that certain elements of grammatical information in sentences were irrelevant e.g., active and passive.

• A) Logicians discovered that certain elements of grammatical information in sentences were irrelevant e.g., active and passive.
• B)
• C)
• D)

Literal meanings are dictionary meanings.

• A) Literal meanings are dictionary meanings.
• B)
• C)
• D)

literal uses are traditionally called figurative. They are described by rhetorical terms including metaphor, irony, metonymy etc. (Non)

• A) Non
• B)
• C)
• D)

transmission of meaning through language – sentence/word meaning. Pragmatics: transmission of meaning through language in use - speaker’s meaning. (Semantics)

• A) Semantics
• B)
• C)
• D)

The initiator of some action – capable of acting with volition. (Agent)

• A) Agent
• B)
• C)
• D)

The place in which something is situated or takes place. E.g., the baby was hiding behind the curtain. We offered prayers in the Mosque. (Location)

• A) Location
• B)
• C)
• D)

The entity towards which something is moved, either literally or metaphorically. (Goal)

• A) Goal
• B)
• C)
• D)

The entity from which something moves, either literally or metaphorically. E.g., He returned from Russia. We got the idea from a TV programme.

• A) The entity from which something moves, either literally or metaphorically. E.g., He returned from Russia. We got the idea from a TV programme.
• B)
• C)
• D)

The entity causing an effect (usually psychological) during an experience. E.g., The noise of the horn frightened the passengers. The last performer entertained the guests. (Stimulus)

• A) Stimulus
• B)
• C)
• D)

A role of recipient is sometimes identified as a type of goal involved in actions describing changes of possession. E.g., He sold me this house. He left his fortune to the church. (Recipient)

• A) Recipient
• B)
• C)
• D)

Words with very closely related/similar meanings are called synonyms. (Synonymy)

• A) Synonymy
• B)
• C)
• D)

(non-gradable) such a relation between words such that the negative of one implies the positive of the other. (Simple Antonyms)

• A) Simple Antonyms
• B)
• C)
• D)

The pair is also sometimes called complementary pairs or binary pairs. E.g., dead/alive, pass/fail, hit/miss, male/female.

• A) The pair is also sometimes called complementary pairs or binary pairs. E.g., dead/alive, pass/fail, hit/miss, male/female.
• B)
• C)
• D)

Such a relationship between opposites where the positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, for example rich/poor, fast/slow, young/old, beautiful/ugly, old/new. Can be used in comparative constructions; I’m bigger than you. (Gradable Antonyms)

• A) Gradable Antonyms
• B)
• C)
• D)

A relation of inclusion; a hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word, The more general term is called superordinate. (Hyponymy)

• A) Hyponymy
• B)
• C)
• D)

Metonymy One word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.

• A) Metonymy One word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.
• B)
• C)
• D)

A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. E.g., ‘close a deal’, ‘open an account.’

• A) A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. E.g., ‘close a deal’, ‘open an account.’
• B)
• C)
• D)