Syntactic units are not simply arbitrarily grouped and ordered, but form identifiable units.

• A) Syntactic units are not simply arbitrarily grouped and ordered, but form identifiable units.
• B)
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• D)

Syntacticians have identified four different levels of structure at which constituents occur: sentences → clauses → phrases → words

• A) Syntacticians have identified four different levels of structure at which constituents occur: sentences → clauses → phrases → words
• B)
• C)
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The largest constituent is the sentence; the smallest is the word. Sometimes sentences and clauses are identical: a declarative sentence, for instance, may consist of one main clause.

• A) The largest constituent is the sentence; the smallest is the word. Sometimes sentences and clauses are identical: a declarative sentence, for instance, may consist of one main clause.
• B)
• C)
• D)

Immediate constituents and ultimate constituents. Exactly which elements constitute immediate constituents depends upon what level of structure is there (sentence, clause, and phrase). (There are two types)

• A) There are two types
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At the highest level, the sentence itself is a constituent.

• A) At the highest level, the sentence itself is a constituent.
• B)
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But within it, one can find several immediate constituents: separate units into which a given structure can be divided. (e.g., subject and predicate).

• A) But within it, one can find several immediate constituents: separate units into which a given structure can be divided. (e.g., subject and predicate).
• B)
• C)
• D)

Constituency Test It help in identifying the constituent structure of sentences (Roberts, 1997). Many constituents are phrases.

• A) Constituency Test It help in identifying the constituent structure of sentences (Roberts, 1997). Many constituents are phrases.
• B)
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A phrase is a sequence of one or more words built around a head lexical item and working as a unit within a sentence. There are numerous constituency tests applied to English language sentences. #

• A) A phrase is a sequence of one or more words built around a head lexical item and working as a unit within a sentence. There are numerous constituency tests applied to English language sentences. #
• B)
• C)
• D)

Substitution (Replacement) Test Whether one word can be substituted for another (e.g., a pronoun for a noun) and if such a change yields a grammatical sentence where the general structure has.not been altered, then the test sequence is a constituent (Redford, 2004): e.g., I don't know the man who is sleeping in the car. I don't know him.

• A) Substitution (Replacement) Test Whether one word can be substituted for another (e.g., a pronoun for a noun) and if such a change yields a grammatical sentence where the general structure has.not been altered, then the test sequence is a constituent (Redford, 2004): e.g., I don't know the man who is sleeping in the car. I don't know him.
• B)
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Constructions can be moved when systematic changes are made to a sentence. This usually involves using a definite pro-form (it, he, there, here, etc.) in place of a phrase or a clause. In most cases, adverbials (that give additional information) can be safely omitted and thus qualify as constituents (Roberts, 1997). For example, Fred relaxes at night on his couch. • Fred relaxes on his couch. • Fred relaxes at night. Prepositional phrases ‘at night’ and ‘on his couch’ are constituents. (Omission (Deletion) Test)

• A) Omission (Deletion) Test
• B)
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Two or more words form a syntactic constituent if they can be moved together as one single unit to another position in the same sentence. Example: The man sat on the chair. (Movement (Fronting) Test)

• A) Movement (Fronting) Test
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Head is a central part of any phrase.

• A) Head is a central part of any phrase.
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Generally, it is a lexical word and defines the category of the phrase.

• A) Generally, it is a lexical word and defines the category of the phrase.
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A phrase can be a single word or group of words. The words other than head are called modifiers.

• A) A phrase can be a single word or group of words. The words other than head are called modifiers.
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A Modifier is a word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun (e.g., good and family in a ‘good family house’) - make its meaning more specific.

• A) A Modifier is a word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun (e.g., good and family in a ‘good family house’) - make its meaning more specific.
• B)
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modifiers while after head are called post-modifiers. (The modifiers before head are called pre)

• A) The modifiers before head are called pre
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In the noun phrase ‘a boy with black hat’, ‘boy’ is a head word and article ‘a’ is a pre-modifier and ‘with black hat’ is a post-modifier.

• A) In the noun phrase ‘a boy with black hat’, ‘boy’ is a head word and article ‘a’ is a pre-modifier and ‘with black hat’ is a post-modifier.
• B)
• C)
• D)

Similarly, ‘very cheap’ is an adjective phrase in which ‘cheap’ is a head word whereas ‘very’ is a modifier.

• A) Similarly, ‘very cheap’ is an adjective phrase in which ‘cheap’ is a head word whereas ‘very’ is a modifier.
• B)
• C)
• D)

Other phrases in a sentence that are not optional like modifiers; they are necessary to complete the sense. (Compliments)

• A) Compliments
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The difference between modifiers and compliments is that modifiers are optional and compliments are obligatory.

• A) The difference between modifiers and compliments is that modifiers are optional and compliments are obligatory.
• B)
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• D)